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304Summary of case studiesSince its inception in 2005, the programme has been implementedin 48 settlements in Mazar-e-Sharif (Balkh Province)to the north, Jalalabad (Nangarhar Province) to the east andKandahar to the south, with an average of three projects persettlement. Local projects are carried out with the directinvolvement of community development councils andthrough the community action planning approach.The programme addresses the issue of humansecurity by improving the conditions of the urban environment,empowering local communities and fostering localeconomic development.■ Rebuilding communities in northeastSri LankaThe programme aims to restore the human dignity of theurban poor through community empowerment and the provisionof basic infrastructure. It was launched in the aftermathof the peace agreements with the Liberation Tamil TigersElam; but its implementation took place after the conflict hadresumed. The programme seeks to empower poor communitiesin improving their living environment throughcommunity development councils and their integrationwithin the urban context, following the destruction of thephysical and socio-economic fabric from both conflict and the2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The programme has supported arange of physical improvements and social projects, includingsavings-and-loan operations, drainage and road paving,community centres, public markets, libraries and children’splaygrounds. The programme is being implemented in tensettlements in the north-eastern cities of Jaffna, Kilinochchi,Batticaloa and Kattankudy, all conflict- and natural disasteraffectedareas largely excluded from governmentinterventions and post-tsunami international aid.■ Partnership for Urban Poverty Reduction inPhnom Penh, CambodiaThe Partnership for Urban Poverty Reduction was set up tostrengthen the self-confidence, enhance the competenceand raise the dignity of communities living in the slum andsquatter settlements of Phnom Penh by reducing theirvulnerability, poverty and social exclusion. A CommunityHuman Security Fund helps the communities to implement acommunity action plan based on their own priorities. Mostprojects focus on community-based infrastructure, such asconcrete lanes, drainage and footbridges, primarily benefitingthe women and children of more than 30,000 families,or approximately 150,000 slum dwellers.Lessons learnedThe contribution to human security, and the dignity uponwhich this concept is based, in Afghanistan, northeast SriLanka and Phnom Penh provided by UNTFHS is groundedprimarily on:• addressing the different aspects of vulnerability in waraffectedareas through a multi-sectoral approach and;• a seamless transition from a protection-centred to anempowerment-centred perspective, through communityorganization.CRIME AND VIOLENCEEffective crime prevention strategies andengagement with the planning process inBradford, UKBradford is a city in northern England that is part of the WestYorkshire conurbation. Its population is just over 475,000and since World War II it has been characterized by a highrate of inward migration (by UK comparative standards) fromthe Indian subcontinent and particularly from Pakistan. Justover 20 per cent of the population declared their religion asMuslim, Sikh or Hindu at the 2001 census, with Muslimsmaking up just fewer than 90 per cent of this group.These characteristics make Bradford one of the UK’smost ethnically diverse cities, and this is important inshaping how it approaches issues of crime and violence,especially since major riots in July 2001, which saw significantconfrontations between Muslim youths and the police,resulting in considerable property damage and approximately300 people injured.As far as the experience of crime is concerned, theevidence appears to suggest that Bradford has seen someimprovements during recent years, although in an absolutesense the city’s crime rate of about 150 recorded crimes per1000 people in 2003/2004 would still be regarded as beingquite high in many parts of the world. The city’s crime auditfor 2004 estimated that overall crime levels had fallen byaround 16 per cent between 2001/2002 and 2003/2004,once account has been taken of a nationally driven change inthe way that crimes were recorded by the police. The city’scrime figures suggest that crime rates in Bradford are slightlyhigher than the average for England and Wales; but they arelower than for most of the other large cities in Englandoutside London when calculated as rates per 1000 people,where the average was approximately 170 recorded crimesper 1000 people.The trends in relation to the main types of crimebetween 2001/2002 and 2003/2004 were as follows:• Domestic burglary fell by 28 per cent. The figure for2004/2005 was just over 8 per 1000 people.• Vehicle crime (both theft of vehicles and theft fromvehicles) fell by just under 25 per cent. The figure for2004/2005 was just under 19 per 1000 people.• Robbery fell by 42 per cent. The figure for 2004/2005was just under 1 per 1000 people.• Violent crime apparently increased by 133 per cent,although this figure needs to be treated with caution. Itis likely that the true rise in violent crime is very muchsmaller than this bare statistic would suggest, althoughit does seem that crimes of violence are on the increase.During 2004/2005 there were 23 incidents of violenceand just over 1 of sexual offences per 1000 individuals.Hate crime (consisting of racial and homophobic crime anddomestic abuse) also appears to be increasing, although thisis mainly because reported incidents of domestic abuse(which make up 90 per cent of recorded hate crimes) rose by29 per cent.