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446Enhancing Urban Safety and Securitygecekondu sites 318informal cities 134–135Turkey 112Sri Lankacommunity development councils 304disaster response 215disaster risk management 202secure tenure 133, 142stakeholders 201, 256statutory tenure 142stock markets, disasters 179stool land 116street children 58–59, 76, 186, 308street layouts 70, 97street lighting 97street widening 69structural violence 51, 66substance abuse 228Sudan, forced evictions 125, 273suicides 54Sungusungu 50supply shock 70tabloids 49Tajikistan, Millennium Development Goals 279Tanzaniacrime and violence 50tenure rights 148target effect 65technological risk 204telecommunications 208tenants, security of tenure 131–132, 142tenure, types 115–116tenure insecurity see security of tenuretenure regularization 137–140, 142community-based upgrading 140terrorism 47, 79urban terrorism 65–66, 81Thailanddisaster-related education 298housing 30road traffic accidents 229security of tenure 151–152, 269, 317–318tenure regularization 139tornadoes 167Toronto (Canada), crime prevention 99, 100, 243–244,311–312tourism, crime and violence 73trafficcongestion 225management 228–229see also road safety; road traffic accidentstraffic lights 226transients 68transit points 63Transparency International 31, 60transport accidents 169see also road traffic accidentstribal rights 116Trinidad and Tobago, tenure rights 148tropical cyclones 186tsunami (2004) 17, 163, 171, 320–321ecological damage 178land titles 216reconstruction 165, 215, 293risk communication 210risk perception 201secure tenure 133tsunamis 169Turkeybuilding codes 187disaster impacts 182disaster-resistant construction 207, 287earthquake (1999) 177, 179gecekondu sites 32, 141, 318illegal settlements 140Natech events 177–178security of tenure 318–319squatter communities 112Ugandaearthquake safety 208tenure rights 148UK see United Kingdomuncertainty 28–29UNDP see United Nations Development Programmeunemploymentcrime prevention 50crime rates 45young people 70–71UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization) 182, 205UN-Habitat 119, 296UN-Habitat Framework for Sustainable Relief andReconstruction 281UN-Habitat Global Campaign for Secure Tenure 113UN-Habitat Global Campaign on Urban Governance 104UN-Habitat Safer Cities Programme 86–87, 236, 258–260capacity-building 256criminal justice 245, 249non-traditional approaches 250Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea 95–96scaling up 259social capital 104–105strategic focus 259–260urban planning 241vulnerability 107UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) 58–59, 298United Kingdom (UK)adverse possession 141bicycle use 227buyer affordability 122closed-circuit television cameras 98crime prevention 88, 89, 251Bradford Unitary Development Plan 97–98, 304–305international support 257urban planning 241, 257disaster risk reduction 203