ICRISAT Archival Report 2006 - The seedlings of success in the ...

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Milestone: 50 transgenic events of chickpea with Bt genes developed and screened in contained greenhouse (KKS/HCS/PMG) 2008 By using the axillary meristems as the ex-plant, Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation of chickpea using cry1Ac and cry1Ab genes for resistance to H. armigera is being carried out by using the construct PBS 2310Ac carrying the cry1Ac gene. Thirty-five independent transgenic events have been produced and transferred to the greenhouse. Molecular characterization of these plants is underway. Chickpea transgenics carrying the cry1Ab gene are also being produced using the construct PHS 723 Bt. The construct contained cry1Ab gene under CAMV 35 promoter and nptII under nos promoter and polyadenylation sequence. About 40 independent transgenic events were transferred to greenhouse and the molecular characterization of these are underway. More than 30 are under the process of regeneration. KK Sharma Putative transgenic chickpea plants carrying cry1Ab, and cry1Ac genes evaluated for resistance to Helicoverpa armigera under greenhouse and field conditions: Six selections from over 50 transgenic events with cry1Ac gene produced at ICRISAT-Patancheru and Bose Institute, Kolkata, India (Under the IndoSwiss Project on Biotechnology) were bio-assayed for resistance to H. armigera. The plants were tested using the detached leaf assay in the laboratory. There were five replications in a completely randomized design. The detached terminal branches embedded in 3% agar-agar were infested with 10 neonate larvae in 250 ml plastic cups. Observations were recorded on leaf feeding (1 = 80% leaf area damaged), larval survival, and larval weights at 5 days after initiating the experiment. In the transgenic plants, leaf feeding scores ranged from 7.0 in ICCL 89314 Bt 2-4 to 8.8 in C 235 X 9-2 compared to 8.5 on the nontransgenic plants of ICCL 89314 and 7.8 on C 235. The larval weights ranged from 6.46 mg on C 235 X 6-5 to 8.37 mg on ICCL 89314 Bt 2-4 in the transgenic plants. The larval weights on the non-transgenic control were 7.99 mg on ICCL 89314 and 7.39 mg on C 235. The larval weights on the transgenic cotton were 1.99 mg compared to 9.6 mg on the non-transgenic control plants. The levels of expression in the transgenic chickpea plants appeared to be low, and we need to test new events to identify lines comparable to transgenic cotton in biological activity against H. armigera. HC Sharma and KK Sharma Progress reported towards the achievement of milestone for 2008 will contribute towards achievement of the milestones listed below. Milestone: At least 8 promising Bt transgenic events of chickpea identified and insect resistance characterized under contained greenhouse conditions (KKS/HCS/PMG) 2009 Milestone: Three promising Bt transgenic events of chickpea identified and insect resistance characterized under contained field conditions (KKS/HCS/PMG) 2010 Milestone: One or two transgenic events of chickpea used for introgression into locally adapted genotypes and the progeny characterized and evaluated (KKS/HCS/PMG) 2011 Milestone: Biosafety of transgenic plants to non-target organisms assessed (HCS/KKS) 2010 Effect of Bt toxins and transgenic plants on the survival and development of the parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae, and the coccinellid predator, Cheilomenes sexmaculatus: We studied the influence of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins and the Helicoverpa-resistant genotypes of chickpea on the survival and development of the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera, and their indirect effects on the host specific parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae. The foliar damage by H. armigera, larval survival, and larval weights were significantly lower on Bt sprayed chickpeas as compared to that on the untreated controls. The larval and pupal periods of the parasitoid, C. chlorideae reared on H. armigera larvae fed on different chickpea genotypes treated with Bt increased by 0.37 to 1.29 days and 0.19 to 0.58 days, respectively, as compared to those fed on untreated controls. The parasitoid cocoon formation was 18.7 to 38.7% on H. armigera larvae fed on Bt sprayed chickpeas compared to 69.3 to 77.3% on the untreated controls. Adult emergence was reduced by 61.1 to 83.8% over the untreated controls. There were no significant effects of Helicoverpa-resistant chickpea genotypes on the development and survival of C. chlorideae, suggesting 206
that the Helicoverpa-resistant chickpea genotypes are compatible with this parasitoid. Larval weight of H. armigera showed a significant and positive association with C. chlorideae cocoon formation and adult emergence, and weights and size of male and female parasitoids (r = 74* to 99**), while significant and negative association was observed with larval period of C. chlorideae (r = -0.70*). The ELISA test indicated the presence of Bt protein in the H. armigera larvae fed on Bt treated chickpeas, while no Bt protein was detected in the larvae, cocoons, and adults of the parasitoid, C. chlorideae reared on Bt intoxicated H. armigera larvae, suggesting that lower survival of the parasitoid was due to poor quality of the host. In another experiment, we studied the effects of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii fed on Bt-transgenic and nontransgenic cottons on development and survival of the coccinellid, Cheilomenes sexmaculatus. The larval period of C. sexmaculatus reared on A. gossypii fed on Bt-transgenic cotton was prolonged by 1.5 to 2.0 days. The weight of C. sexmaculatus larvae was reduced by 3 to 4 mg when fed on A. gossypii reared in Bt-transgenic cotton plants. There was no effect of Bt-transgenic cotton fed aphids on larval survival, pupal period, and sex ratio of C. sexmaculatus. However, adult emergence decreased by 20 to 30% in coccinellids fed on Bt-RCH 2 and Bt-Mech 12 cotton hybrids as compared to those reared on non-transformed controls. The ELISA test indicated the presence of Bt protein in aphids, and the larvae and adults of the C. sexmaculatus fed on aphids obtained from Bt-transgenic cotton. HC Sharma and MK Dhillon Pigeonpea Output 6A: Improved germplasm and varieties of sorghum, pearl millet, pigeonpea, chickpea and groundnut with pro-poor traits and associated advanced knowledge of selection tools and breeding methods made available to partners internationally MTP Output Target 2006: New knowledge synthesized on seed production systems of improved lines, wild relatives and putative transgenics of pigeonpea, published and disseminated globally Output target 6A.1: About 5 - 6 pigeonpea varieties with stable resistance to Fusarium wilt, sterility mosaic and Helicoverpa made available to NARS Activity 6A.1.1: About 15 new genetically diverse germplasm sources/ breeding lines resistant to wilt and sterility mosaic diseases identified Milestone: 25 - 30 pigeonpea lines tested multilocationally for their stability to wilt and sterility mosaic resistance in India (Annual) (SP) Identification of stable sources of resistance to Fusarium wilt and sterility mosaic (SM): Pigeonpea lines found resistant to wilt and SM at ICRISAT, Patancheru were tested for wilt and SM resistance at different locations in India through the pigeonpea wilt and sterility mosaic disease nursery (PWSMDN) to identify stable and broad-based resistance to both these diseases. Thirty entries (28 wilt and SM resistant lines, and a susceptible check for each of the two diseases) were evaluated in 20 locations in India(Akola, Badnapur, Bangalore, Berhampore, Coimbatore, Dholi, Faizabad, Gulbarga, Hazaribagh, Hisar, ICRISAT, Patancheru, Kanpur, Khargone, Rahuri, Raipur, Sehore, SK Nagar, Pudukottai, Varanasi, and Warangal) during the 2005/06 cropping seasons. The experiment was planted in a wilt sick plot and inoculated with SM infested pigeonpea leaves using the leaf staple technique at two leaf stage or spreading SM infested twigs on test entries wherever possible. Data on wilt and SM was recorded twice, at flowering and at maturity stages of the crop. Data was received from 13 locations. Wilt incidence in the susceptible check, ICP 2376 was high (> 60%) at Akola, Badnapur, Gulbarga, ICRISAT-Patancheru, Kanpur, Rahuri, and Sehore; while it was moderate at Bangalore and Warangal (~ 38%); and low in Khargoan (13%). There was no incidence at Berhampur, Hazaribagh, and Pudukottai (Vamban). Incidence of wilt in the local check was 83% (TTB 7) at Bangalore, 54% (LRG 30) at Warangal, 50% at Pudukottai, 10% at Hazaribagh, and no infection at Berhampur. The differential reaction of susceptible checks at different locations indicated the possible presence/existence of races/pathotypes of the wilt pathogen. This phenomenon needs detailed investigations to resolve the race scenario of Fusarium udum in India. 207
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© International Crops Research Ins
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Project 1: Project 2: Project 3: Pr
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In April 2005 and again in August 2
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Handling new districts: Since 1970,
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food security for their families. E
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This PRA was followed by a structur
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vary by zone, household, and farm c
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The study hypothesizes that demand
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Collaborating Institutions and Scie
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Objectives: Identify production and
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Research, practice and coalition bu
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initial 2-3 years for smooth transi
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Based on the recommendation of the
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Collaborating Institutions and Scie
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social capital in the nexus of tech
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Scaling out of agricultural technol
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These economic research results hav
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due to population pressure and sub-
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Exploring the dynamics of poverty i
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in the rural Indian diet over the p
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analysis of the sources of risk, ef
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problems that would otherwise invol
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Milestone A.1.1.5: Priorities areas
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environment two entries (2130 - 232
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Output target A.4: Germplasm access
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Milestone A.6.1.2: Wild and cultiva
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(Trifolium alexandrium) (50) and Lu
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greater inflorescence length than a
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Output target C.1: Core and mini co
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Pearl millet: We constituted a pear
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Table 5. Number of missing data, al
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analyses showed a strong genetic st
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Desi (1668); Kabuli (1167); Interme
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(Fig. 3), which maybe attributed to
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Milestone C.3.1.18: Diversity and p
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Milestone C.4.1.2: Core collection
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Milestone C.5.1.8: Foxtail core set
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in both groups. Among the genotypes
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The genotyping of reference collect
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Output target C.9: Broadening the g
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Activity C.11.3: Comparative genomi
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Milestone D.2.1.2: DNA extracts of
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IPC 804 x 81B ) and two tester line
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Project 3 Producing more and better
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during the ongoing off-season. Geno
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glumes make threshing difficult. Th
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organizations, and development proj
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To help guide ICRISAT and West-Afri
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Trait Units Minimum Maximum Mean St
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Activity 3B3.1: Farmer-participator
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Activity 3B6.1: Screening groundnut
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two countries. Formal release has b
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Information was also disseminated u
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Milestone A1.1.2: At least one new
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for localized breeding and testing
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The pearl millet variety SDMV 90031
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Output Targets A6: High yielding fa
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will be implemented through researc
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interpreted with caution. Different
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Activity A9.3: Share seed of improv
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proven in target areas. This projec
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Output Target B5: New backcross pop
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Activity C2.2: Understand the in si
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Output 4D: Technological options an
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Project 5 Producing more and better
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IS 14384. At 18 days after seedling
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SFRIL 651151, SFRIL 65278, IS 2205,
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Grain mold resistance in selections
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complete block design with three re
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In another nursery, 384 F 5 s deriv
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Sweet sorghum male-sterile line dev
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Seed supplies: A total of 1768 seed
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through bulk storage and marketing
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days and 34 flowered in 56−60 day
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advancement. These 352 progenies al
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and 834B had 95−98% DM incidence
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(check IPC 804 flowered in 50 days)
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Milestone 5A.4.1.1: QTL mapping bas
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Milestone 5A.5.1.2: Spatial and tem
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Page 170 and 171: The phenotyping of F 6 inbred proge
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Page 228 and 229: Activity 6B.1.2: Mapping and marker
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Page 240 and 241: Table 2. Screening different botani
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ensure internalization of the sugge
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goat and cattle management and mark
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and risk coping strategies of pasto
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indicators of biodiversity loss, an
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iological condition as a prerequisi
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West and Central Africa • Pomme d
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grazing (in the still grazed plots)
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2.2.4 Contribution to the overall D
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example, phane is sold dried withou
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with sub outcropping that geologica
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2.1.2 How is it implemented? Napcod
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Table 4. Six selected FIRMs, their
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Key problem Key manifestations Effe
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Key problem Socioeconomic condition
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2.1.4 Contribution to the overall D
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2.1.5 Projected potential impact Wi
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production and rehabilitating the d
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2.6.2 How is it implemented? Survey
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leaf manure. Similarly, mango produ
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This work is carried out in close c
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indigenous knowledge; Output 1.6 -
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3. Use of fertilizer micro dosing t
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sources of income for the rural com
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2.3.3 Up-scaling the technology The
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The conversion of local Ziziphus us
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• The re-appearance of some wild
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D. Mali 1. The context Land degrada
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2.2.5 Projected potential impact
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afford. Another constraint to rehab
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In all the four countries in WCA, e
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Project Title “An aflatoxin risk
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Figure 9A.2. Schematic representati
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Milestones contributing to Output 9
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Unfortunately, for most countries g
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and grain production in almost all
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a) N stress in the rotation - resid
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the proposition that resource const
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Box 9B2 Project initiatives that ar
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• Fatondji D. Martius C., Bielder
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potential for use by smallholder fa
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The first step in the collaboration
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Table 9B6.Yield of soybean and sunf
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ii. Long Term Trends In Climate And
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Table 9B11. Manure effects on the w
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Each participating farmer grew crop
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fodder (2.43 t ha -1 ) yields acros
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additional technological and resour
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Specific Objectives: • Set up a c
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learned by piloting the development
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Journal Articles: Deb UK and BANTIL
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Journal Articles: Kulkarni VN, Rai
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Journal Articles: Piara Singh, D VI
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Journal Articles: Shiferaw B, Obare
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Conference Proceedings: Akponikpe P
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Conference Proceedings: Monyo ES, M
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Conference Proceedings: Shiferaw B,
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Conference Proceedings: Montpellier
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Book Chapters: Prabhakar Pathak. 20
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Book Chapters: Wani SP, MEERA REDDY
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Monographs: MATI BM. 2006. Prelimin
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Abstracts: Kileshye Onema J-M, Mazv
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Brochures/Pamphlets: Hoisington D.
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Invited Seminars: Dar WD, BHATNAGAR
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Invited Seminars: December 2006, Sc
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Invited Seminars: Management in Eth
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Invited Seminars: Rupela OP. 2006.
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Invited Seminars: Telugu/English Ne
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Invited Seminars: Vadez V, Hash CT,
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Manuals: Diouf A and Pasternak D. 2
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News Articles/Newsletter: Pradesh,
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News Articles/Newsletter: Shapiro B
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Poster Papers: BHATNAGAR-MATHUR P,
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Poster Papers: Johansen C, Musa AM,
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Poster Papers: Parthasarathy Rao P,
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Poster Papers: Upadhyaya HD, BHATTA
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Electronic modules (Websites) devel
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Appendix 2. List of Staff Internati
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Name Title Ashok Alur Project Coord
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Visiting Scientists Consultants Nam
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