ICRISAT Archival Report 2006 - The seedlings of success in the ...

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Milestone: Botanicals with ability to kill insects having compatibility with entomopathogenic microorganisms identified and appropriate delivery systems developed (OPR/GVRR) 2008 Characterization of bacterial isolates for multiple traits: Ensuring a healthy crop is a first step towards protecting it from insect pests and diseases. Microorganisms can play a vital role in promoting plant growth, managing insectpests, and maintaining soil health. Keeping this in view, bacteria from habitats such as composts and soil, having at least one beneficial trait and found highly promising in previous studies, were evaluated again to see if a given strain had more than one beneficial trait. Of the 14 isolates studied, four (HIB 67, SB 24, SB 26, and SRI 77) produced crystalline parasporal bodies, three (EB 13, BWB 21, and SB 21) were positive for siderophore production, two (EB 13 and SB 21) solubilized Rock Phosphate, eight (BCB19, BWB21, EB 13, HIB67, SB9, SB21, SB24, and SB26) were antagonistic to Macrophomina phaseolina, and two (BWB 21 and SRI 360) were compatible with Metarrhizium anisopliae - a fungus pathogenic to Helicoverpa armigera. In antagonistic studies with M. phaseolina, maximum zone of inhibition was recorded with EB 13 (17 mm diameter), followed by BCB 19 (12 mm). Range of inhibition zone was 5 - 17 mm diameter on culture medium. Insect killing ability of these isolates was studied by releasing H. armigera neonates on sprouted chickpea seeds inoculated with the bacterial isolates. Of the nine isolates, maximum percent mortality was observed with SB 26 (66%), followed by BWB 21, SB 9, SB, 21, and BCB 19. Market sample of a Bt product from USA showed 74% kill. The plant growth promoting property of these isolates was studied on pearl millet variety ICM 155 by paper towel method. Four strains (SB9, CP8-3, HIB67, and SB21) enhanced plant growth at least on par with the reference strain of Azotobacter (HT54), which was 12.6% superior over the control. Based on the presence of multiple traits and their potential value in crop production, four bacterial isolates (SB9, SB21, BCB19, and BWB21) were selected for field studies for crop protection in 2006-07. Strain SB 26 did not get selected despite showing high mortality because it reduced plant growth over the untreated control. OP Rupela Microbial properties of cattle excrement and their fermentation products: Visits to fields of practitioners of certified organic farming (OF) reporting high yield and apparent high population of natural enemies of insect-pests prompted this study. Apparent concerns of policy makers and research managers on increased cost of crop production was to be addressed through the low-cost and biological inputs widely used by OF practitioners. A fermented broth called Amrit Paani (AP) or Jeevamrut was one such input. Microbial properties of AP and of cow dung, its major ingredients are presented here. Buffalo dung was included in the studies to learn differences in excrements of the two bovines. Fresh samples of excrement were collected aseptically and subjected to counting population of total bacteria, total fungi, total actinomycetes (indicators of soil health), P-solubilizers, Pseudomonas fluorescens (manager of soil borne diseases), siderophore producers (chellate iron and promote plant growth), and Escheritia coli (indicator of threat to human health). Data in Table 1 suggest that both cow and buffalo dung had similar population of total bacteria, total fungi, total actinomycetes, and P. fluorescens. Population size of P- solubilizers was undetectable in cow dung, but very high in buffalo dung (log 10 6.00 g -1 dry mass) and siderophore producers were absent in buffalo dung, but high in cow dung (log 10 4.99 g -1 dry mass). Microbiology of AP (applied to soils along with irrigation water and reported by farmers to improve crop growth) using excrements from the different bovines was quite revealing. We studied the population of different microorganisms at day 0 and day 3 under two fermentation conditions: a) flasks placed on shaker, and b) stationery culture. Data of day 3 indicated that microbial population, except actinomycetes and P. fluorescens, grew well in shake culture (Table 1). The counts were similar irrespective of the source of excrement. P-solubilizers in shake culture of AP of cow dung were about 10 times greater than that of buffalo dung. Noticeably, siderophore population was not detected even at the lowest dilution (Table 1) suggesting that this group of bacteria do not like aeration. Population of different microorganisms in stationary cultures was similar in the AP prepared using cow or buffalo dung. The striking difference was in the population of siderophores, which was high in the AP prepared using cow dung (log 10 3.73 mL -1 ), while it was absent even at the lowest dilution in buffalo dung (Table 1). Population of E. coli (which is considered a human health risk if present in consumables) was high in excrements of both cow and buffalo, and in the AP prepared using these. Since use of cow dung has been widely practiced in India for centuries for plastering floors of kitchens daily (when kitchens used to be of mud floor, practiced in rural areas even today), it is likely that Indian population is adapted to E. coli. Presence of high population of E. coli in human intestines (about one million per g excrement) is a normal phenomenon, where they are an important source of Vitamin K (absorbed through intestines). Rarely a strain of this bacterium is pathogenic to humans. However, their presence in food products is an indicator of human hygiene because disease-causing bacteria pass through 234
excrements when a person is sick, and therefore, presence of E. coli, a safe bacterium – even for lab culture, suggests contamination from intestinal matter. Bacteria such as P. fluorescens have been reported inside plant tissue and provide induced systemic resistance (ISR) to plants in managing pests. Table 1. Microbial population in cattle dung (log 10 g -1 dry mass) and its fermented slurry (log 10 mL -1 ) (ICRISAT, Patancheru, 2006) Microbial group Dung AP (shake) AP (stationary) SE C B C B C B Bacteria 6.78 6.94 7.44 7.60 7.28 7.44 0.146* Fungi 4.90 5.09 3.87 3.98 3.64 3.20 0.122*** Actinomycetes 5.99 5.65
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© International Crops Research Ins
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Project 1: Project 2: Project 3: Pr
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In April 2005 and again in August 2
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Handling new districts: Since 1970,
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food security for their families. E
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This PRA was followed by a structur
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vary by zone, household, and farm c
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The study hypothesizes that demand
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Collaborating Institutions and Scie
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Objectives: Identify production and
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Research, practice and coalition bu
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initial 2-3 years for smooth transi
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Based on the recommendation of the
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Collaborating Institutions and Scie
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social capital in the nexus of tech
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Scaling out of agricultural technol
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These economic research results hav
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due to population pressure and sub-
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Exploring the dynamics of poverty i
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in the rural Indian diet over the p
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analysis of the sources of risk, ef
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problems that would otherwise invol
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Milestone A.1.1.5: Priorities areas
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environment two entries (2130 - 232
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Output target A.4: Germplasm access
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Milestone A.6.1.2: Wild and cultiva
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(Trifolium alexandrium) (50) and Lu
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greater inflorescence length than a
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Output target C.1: Core and mini co
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Pearl millet: We constituted a pear
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Table 5. Number of missing data, al
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analyses showed a strong genetic st
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Desi (1668); Kabuli (1167); Interme
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(Fig. 3), which maybe attributed to
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Milestone C.3.1.18: Diversity and p
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Milestone C.4.1.2: Core collection
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Milestone C.5.1.8: Foxtail core set
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in both groups. Among the genotypes
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The genotyping of reference collect
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Output target C.9: Broadening the g
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Activity C.11.3: Comparative genomi
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Milestone D.2.1.2: DNA extracts of
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IPC 804 x 81B ) and two tester line
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Project 3 Producing more and better
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during the ongoing off-season. Geno
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glumes make threshing difficult. Th
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organizations, and development proj
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To help guide ICRISAT and West-Afri
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Trait Units Minimum Maximum Mean St
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Activity 3B3.1: Farmer-participator
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Activity 3B6.1: Screening groundnut
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two countries. Formal release has b
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Information was also disseminated u
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Milestone A1.1.2: At least one new
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for localized breeding and testing
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The pearl millet variety SDMV 90031
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Output Targets A6: High yielding fa
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will be implemented through researc
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interpreted with caution. Different
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Activity A9.3: Share seed of improv
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proven in target areas. This projec
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Output Target B5: New backcross pop
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Activity C2.2: Understand the in si
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Output 4D: Technological options an
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IS 14384. At 18 days after seedling
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SFRIL 651151, SFRIL 65278, IS 2205,
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Grain mold resistance in selections
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complete block design with three re
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In another nursery, 384 F 5 s deriv
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Sweet sorghum male-sterile line dev
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Seed supplies: A total of 1768 seed
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through bulk storage and marketing
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days and 34 flowered in 56−60 day
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advancement. These 352 progenies al
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and 834B had 95−98% DM incidence
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(check IPC 804 flowered in 50 days)
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Milestone 5A.4.1.1: QTL mapping bas
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Milestone 5A.5.1.2: Spatial and tem
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Milestone 5A.7.1.2: Genetical studi
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fertile hybrids, the promising comb
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Milestone 5A.4.1.2: A hybrid seed p
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Milestone 5A.7.1.3: Technical infor
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Milestone 5B.2.1: Putative relation
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The phenotyping of F 6 inbred proge
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Milestone 5B.4.1.1: An effective P-
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I. Sorghum Output target 5C.1: Sorg
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Activity 5C.1.2: Conduct inheritanc
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highest levels of both Fe and Zn, w
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18 16 14 No. of progenies 12 10 8 6
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equired for disease development. Di
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In the advanced Spanish type trial
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Page 210 and 211: Milestone: 50 transgenic events of
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Page 218 and 219: Activity 6A.1.1: Selecting high bio
Page 220 and 221: Activity 6A.1.2: Developing QTL map
Page 222 and 223: ICRISAT, 8 lines (2.6-1.6 ± 0.13 t
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Page 228 and 229: Activity 6B.1.2: Mapping and marker
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Page 240 and 241: Table 2. Screening different botani
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2.1.4 Contribution to the overall D
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2.1.5 Projected potential impact Wi
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production and rehabilitating the d
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2.6.2 How is it implemented? Survey
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leaf manure. Similarly, mango produ
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This work is carried out in close c
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indigenous knowledge; Output 1.6 -
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3. Use of fertilizer micro dosing t
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sources of income for the rural com
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2.3.3 Up-scaling the technology The
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The conversion of local Ziziphus us
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• The re-appearance of some wild
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D. Mali 1. The context Land degrada
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2.2.5 Projected potential impact
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afford. Another constraint to rehab
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In all the four countries in WCA, e
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Project Title “An aflatoxin risk
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Figure 9A.2. Schematic representati
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Milestones contributing to Output 9
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Unfortunately, for most countries g
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and grain production in almost all
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a) N stress in the rotation - resid
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the proposition that resource const
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Box 9B2 Project initiatives that ar
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• Fatondji D. Martius C., Bielder
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potential for use by smallholder fa
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The first step in the collaboration
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Table 9B6.Yield of soybean and sunf
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ii. Long Term Trends In Climate And
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Table 9B11. Manure effects on the w
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Each participating farmer grew crop
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fodder (2.43 t ha -1 ) yields acros
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additional technological and resour
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Specific Objectives: • Set up a c
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learned by piloting the development
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Journal Articles: Deb UK and BANTIL
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Journal Articles: Kulkarni VN, Rai
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Journal Articles: Piara Singh, D VI
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Journal Articles: Shiferaw B, Obare
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Conference Proceedings: Akponikpe P
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Conference Proceedings: Monyo ES, M
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Conference Proceedings: Shiferaw B,
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Conference Proceedings: Montpellier
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Book Chapters: Prabhakar Pathak. 20
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Book Chapters: Wani SP, MEERA REDDY
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Monographs: MATI BM. 2006. Prelimin
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Abstracts: Kileshye Onema J-M, Mazv
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Brochures/Pamphlets: Hoisington D.
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Invited Seminars: Dar WD, BHATNAGAR
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Invited Seminars: December 2006, Sc
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Invited Seminars: Management in Eth
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Invited Seminars: Rupela OP. 2006.
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Invited Seminars: Telugu/English Ne
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Invited Seminars: Vadez V, Hash CT,
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Manuals: Diouf A and Pasternak D. 2
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News Articles/Newsletter: Pradesh,
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News Articles/Newsletter: Shapiro B
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Poster Papers: BHATNAGAR-MATHUR P,
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Poster Papers: Johansen C, Musa AM,
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Poster Papers: Parthasarathy Rao P,
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Poster Papers: Upadhyaya HD, BHATTA
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Electronic modules (Websites) devel
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Appendix 2. List of Staff Internati
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Name Title Ashok Alur Project Coord
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Visiting Scientists Consultants Nam
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