ICRISAT Archival Report 2006 - The seedlings of success in the ...

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with sub outcropping that geological formations soils with a more distinct horizon development have been found, mainly calcisols and fluvisols. The sandy landscapes of the Kalahari system are generally flat to rolling: plains incised by omiramba valleys or alternated with fossil (no longer moving) sand dunes. The most widespread vegetation type is the Terminalia sericea – Combretum collinum shrubland, covering roughly 80% of the study area. Three major natural resources land, water and cattle stand out as having much more value than any other in the study area. Their use and management (or lack thereof) has important consequences for the future of the people and the environment. Communal farmers have little or no influence on major environmental, physical, economic or policy factors affecting their livelihoods. There are however mechanisms that they can use to deal with reduced productivity of rangelands and to mitigate adverse impacts on their livelihoods. Continuous monitoring and observation of existing rangeland conditions is essential to detect any patterns or trends towards a decline in agricultural or ecological activity. Easily recognizable and usable indicators are needed that provide farmers with relevant and timely information about their rangeland and its productivity. 2. Description of the technology/strategy Most methods being promoted for land use management are too scientific, time consuming and sometimes too complicated to meet the needs of farmers. Very often, information is collected by farmers but very little is done to use that data to make informed management decisions. This defeats the purpose of monitoring and very often leads to a loss of motivation among farmers to continue with the monitoring system. It was against this background that the Desert Margins Program (DMP) built on existing experiences in Namibia’s Program to Combat Desertification (Napcod) and developed and tested an easy and practical Local Level Monitoring (LLM) system for use by livestock farmers in the eastern communal lands of Namibia and other places. 2.1 Local Level Monitoring 2.1.1 The basis of the technology’s success Building on past experiences from Napcod, DMP Namibia developed and tested an easy and practical LLM system for use by livestock farmers in the eastern communal lands of Namibia and other places. The LLM method is based on the development and application of a series of field guides using certain indicators. These indicators are livestock condition, fodder availability, veld condition and changes in bush density, and rainfall. Livestock condition reflects to a large extent, the condition and productivity of the veld that animals are feeding on. A photo guide depicting five different livestock condition classes has been developed. These five condition classes vary from very lean, lean, moderate, fat to extremely fat. On a monthly basis, farmers then score a representative sample of their herd by comparing actual livestock condition to the closest condition class in the photo guide. Fodder availability provides an indication of the number of livestock a given piece of land in a specific area is able to sustain for a specific period of time. This is closely related to the availability of fodder that is in turn closely related to rainfall and management impact. A photo field guide is developed for visual assessment of fodder availability on a monthly basis. This field guide is area specific and includes a series of photographs depicting various amounts of fodder available. These photographs range from veld with very little fodder to veld with a lot of herbaceous material. Veld condition reflects the current condition of any piece of land and focuses on species composition of the herbaceous layer, density, vigor and soil condition and fertility. A number of fixed-point photographs are taken on the farm to develop a photo guide for assessment of veld condition. These permanent points are visited annually, usually at the end of the rainy season, and the current veld condition is compared to the condition of the same site on the photograph. The same picture guide developed to detect changes in veld condition can be used to monitor changes in bush density and structure. The LLM method is not designed to give an exact account of changes in the different parameters, but rather to be used by farmers as a tool for debate and improved decision making at the grassroots level. 274
Table 2. Progress of implementation of local level monitoring systems in Namibia. Localities Indicators introduced Indicators being implemented Introduced by Ongoing support by North west Dawib Wes, Okombahe 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 4 FIRM/Napcod DEES Grootberg Communal 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 4 Napcod DEES; DRFN Area Grootberg Emerging 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 4 DEES DEES; DRFN Farmers Khorixas Extension 1, 2,3, 4 - Napcod No follow-up Services Okamapuku 1, 2, 3, 4 1, 2, 4 Napcod DEES Soris-soris Conservancy 1, 2, 3, 4 to DEES & community - Napcod No follow-up West Kuiseb basin 1, 2, 3, 4 - Elak None North Onkani 1, 2, 4 2 Napcod Individual OLDeP staff member Oshikoto (9 CBOs & AETs) 1, 2, 3, 4 for DEES only to date 40 farmers trained OLDeP OLDeP; DEES South Hoachanas Area – Blankenese 1, 2, 3, 4 - Napcod Limited follow-up by DEES Nico-Nord 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 3 Napcod Limited follow-up by DEES Oskop 1, 2, 3, 4 - Napcod Limited follow-up by DEES Tsub-gaub 1, 2, 3, 4 - Napcod Limited follow-up by DEES East Coblenz 1, 2, 4 1, 2, 4 DMP DMP, DEES Okakarara 1, 2, 4 1, 2, 4 DMP DMP, DEES Okamatapati 1, 2, 4 1, 2, 4 DMP DMP, DEES Okanjatu 1, 2, 4 1, 2, 4 DMP DMP, DEES Otjituuo 1, 2, 4 1, 2, 4 DMP DMP, DEES 1 = Livestock condition, 2 = Rainfall, 3 = Rangeland condition and bush density, 4 = Fodder availability. AET = Agricultural Extension Technician, CBO = Community Based Organization, DEES = Directorate of Extension and Engineering services, DMP = Desert Margins Program, DRFN = Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Elak = Environmental Learning and Action in the Kuiseb, OLDeP = Oshikoto Livestock Development Project. 275
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© International Crops Research Ins
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Project 1: Project 2: Project 3: Pr
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In April 2005 and again in August 2
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Handling new districts: Since 1970,
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food security for their families. E
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This PRA was followed by a structur
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vary by zone, household, and farm c
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The study hypothesizes that demand
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Collaborating Institutions and Scie
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Objectives: Identify production and
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Research, practice and coalition bu
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initial 2-3 years for smooth transi
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Based on the recommendation of the
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Collaborating Institutions and Scie
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social capital in the nexus of tech
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Scaling out of agricultural technol
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These economic research results hav
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due to population pressure and sub-
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Exploring the dynamics of poverty i
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in the rural Indian diet over the p
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analysis of the sources of risk, ef
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problems that would otherwise invol
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Milestone A.1.1.5: Priorities areas
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environment two entries (2130 - 232
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Output target A.4: Germplasm access
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Milestone A.6.1.2: Wild and cultiva
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(Trifolium alexandrium) (50) and Lu
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greater inflorescence length than a
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Output target C.1: Core and mini co
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Pearl millet: We constituted a pear
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Table 5. Number of missing data, al
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analyses showed a strong genetic st
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Desi (1668); Kabuli (1167); Interme
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(Fig. 3), which maybe attributed to
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Milestone C.3.1.18: Diversity and p
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Milestone C.4.1.2: Core collection
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Milestone C.5.1.8: Foxtail core set
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in both groups. Among the genotypes
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The genotyping of reference collect
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Output target C.9: Broadening the g
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Activity C.11.3: Comparative genomi
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Milestone D.2.1.2: DNA extracts of
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IPC 804 x 81B ) and two tester line
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Project 3 Producing more and better
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during the ongoing off-season. Geno
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glumes make threshing difficult. Th
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organizations, and development proj
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To help guide ICRISAT and West-Afri
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Trait Units Minimum Maximum Mean St
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Activity 3B3.1: Farmer-participator
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Activity 3B6.1: Screening groundnut
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two countries. Formal release has b
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Information was also disseminated u
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Milestone A1.1.2: At least one new
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for localized breeding and testing
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The pearl millet variety SDMV 90031
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Output Targets A6: High yielding fa
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will be implemented through researc
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interpreted with caution. Different
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Activity A9.3: Share seed of improv
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proven in target areas. This projec
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Output Target B5: New backcross pop
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Activity C2.2: Understand the in si
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Output 4D: Technological options an
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IS 14384. At 18 days after seedling
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SFRIL 651151, SFRIL 65278, IS 2205,
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Grain mold resistance in selections
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complete block design with three re
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In another nursery, 384 F 5 s deriv
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Sweet sorghum male-sterile line dev
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Seed supplies: A total of 1768 seed
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through bulk storage and marketing
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days and 34 flowered in 56−60 day
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advancement. These 352 progenies al
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and 834B had 95−98% DM incidence
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(check IPC 804 flowered in 50 days)
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Milestone 5A.4.1.1: QTL mapping bas
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Milestone 5A.5.1.2: Spatial and tem
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Milestone 5A.7.1.2: Genetical studi
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fertile hybrids, the promising comb
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Milestone 5A.4.1.2: A hybrid seed p
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Milestone 5A.7.1.3: Technical infor
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Milestone 5B.2.1: Putative relation
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The phenotyping of F 6 inbred proge
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Milestone 5B.4.1.1: An effective P-
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I. Sorghum Output target 5C.1: Sorg
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Activity 5C.1.2: Conduct inheritanc
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highest levels of both Fe and Zn, w
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18 16 14 No. of progenies 12 10 8 6
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equired for disease development. Di
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In the advanced Spanish type trial
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TSV infection was recorded both on
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Genotype Generation Wild species us
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 LAD% (JL 24-P2
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Milestone: Five promising TSVcp tra
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BPP43-BP-BP-BP) asymptomatic and th
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a 1 - 9 rating scale. No resistance
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cross, the F 2 plants were classifi
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UAS Dharwad-ICRISAT collaborative r
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selection of material for use as pa
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damage, numbers of eggs laid, larva
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Characterization of variability in
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Milestone: 50 transgenic events of
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Of the 28 entries tested, 27 entrie
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Activity 6A.1.2: Genetically divers
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Wide crosses for pod borer resistan
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Activity 6A.1.1: Selecting high bio
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Activity 6A.1.2: Developing QTL map
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ICRISAT, 8 lines (2.6-1.6 ± 0.13 t
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The transcription factor DREB1A, wh
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Milestone: At least 8 promising tra
Page 228 and 229: Activity 6B.1.2: Mapping and marker
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Page 240 and 241: Table 2. Screening different botani
Page 242 and 243: plots. The results clearly suggest
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Page 256 and 257: Table 7B4. Income distribution of f
Page 258 and 259: Table 7B 7. Summary of benefits fro
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Page 274 and 275: 2.2.4 Contribution to the overall D
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Page 280 and 281: 2.1.2 How is it implemented? Napcod
Page 282 and 283: Table 4. Six selected FIRMs, their
Page 284 and 285: Key problem Key manifestations Effe
Page 286 and 287: Key problem Socioeconomic condition
Page 288 and 289: 2.1.4 Contribution to the overall D
Page 290 and 291: 2.1.5 Projected potential impact Wi
Page 292 and 293: production and rehabilitating the d
Page 294 and 295: 2.6.2 How is it implemented? Survey
Page 296 and 297: leaf manure. Similarly, mango produ
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Page 302 and 303: 3. Use of fertilizer micro dosing t
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Page 306 and 307: 2.3.3 Up-scaling the technology The
Page 308 and 309: The conversion of local Ziziphus us
Page 310 and 311: • The re-appearance of some wild
Page 312 and 313: D. Mali 1. The context Land degrada
Page 314 and 315: 2.2.5 Projected potential impact
Page 316 and 317: afford. Another constraint to rehab
Page 318 and 319: In all the four countries in WCA, e
Page 320 and 321: Project Title “An aflatoxin risk
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Page 324 and 325: Milestones contributing to Output 9
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and grain production in almost all
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a) N stress in the rotation - resid
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the proposition that resource const
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Box 9B2 Project initiatives that ar
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• Fatondji D. Martius C., Bielder
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potential for use by smallholder fa
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The first step in the collaboration
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Table 9B6.Yield of soybean and sunf
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ii. Long Term Trends In Climate And
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Table 9B11. Manure effects on the w
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Each participating farmer grew crop
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fodder (2.43 t ha -1 ) yields acros
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additional technological and resour
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Specific Objectives: • Set up a c
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learned by piloting the development
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Journal Articles: Deb UK and BANTIL
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Journal Articles: Kulkarni VN, Rai
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Journal Articles: Piara Singh, D VI
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Journal Articles: Shiferaw B, Obare
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Conference Proceedings: Akponikpe P
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Conference Proceedings: Monyo ES, M
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Conference Proceedings: Shiferaw B,
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Conference Proceedings: Montpellier
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Book Chapters: Prabhakar Pathak. 20
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Book Chapters: Wani SP, MEERA REDDY
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Monographs: MATI BM. 2006. Prelimin
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Abstracts: Kileshye Onema J-M, Mazv
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Brochures/Pamphlets: Hoisington D.
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Invited Seminars: Dar WD, BHATNAGAR
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Invited Seminars: December 2006, Sc
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Invited Seminars: Management in Eth
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Invited Seminars: Rupela OP. 2006.
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Invited Seminars: Telugu/English Ne
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Invited Seminars: Vadez V, Hash CT,
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Manuals: Diouf A and Pasternak D. 2
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News Articles/Newsletter: Pradesh,
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News Articles/Newsletter: Shapiro B
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Poster Papers: BHATNAGAR-MATHUR P,
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Poster Papers: Johansen C, Musa AM,
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Poster Papers: Parthasarathy Rao P,
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Poster Papers: Upadhyaya HD, BHATTA
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Electronic modules (Websites) devel
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Appendix 2. List of Staff Internati
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Name Title Ashok Alur Project Coord
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Visiting Scientists Consultants Nam
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