Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD (continued)
Study
Inclusion/ Exclusion Baseline
Description Intervention
Criteria/ Population Measures Outcomes
Vismara et al.,
Modifiers:
2009
In phase I, there
(continued)
was a significant
relationship
between therapist
fidelity and both
social initiations
(P < 0.01) and
and attention
(P < 0.001)
In phase II, there
was a significant
relationship
between parent
fidelity and social
initiations (P <
0.001), imitations
(P < 0.01), and
attention (P <
0.001)
Comments: *Authors report that data related to only one randomly selected child per therapist was used in the analysis; data
from 2 children are included in both Phase I and II.
**data only illustrated graphically
Author:
Whitingham et al.,
2009
Whitingham et al.,
2009†
Country:
Australia
Practice
setting:
Academic
Intervention
setting:
Clinic
Enrollment
period:
NR
Funding:
School of
Psychology,
University of
Queensland
Author industry
relationship
disclosures:
NR
Design:
RCT
Intervention:
Stepping Stones Triple P
Positive Parenting
Program: participants in
groups of 4-5 based on
level of functioning,
included parent training,
practice and feedback,
using strategies including
descriptive praise,
planned ignoring, comic
strip conversations and
social stories
Assessments:
Family background
questionnaire; ECBI;
parenting scale (7-point
likert scale: minimum 1,
maximum 7); being a
parent scale (6-point likert
scale; 1=strongly agree,
6=strongly disagree);
PAQ
Groups:
G1: intervention
G2: wait-list control
Provider:
Probationary
psychologists enrolled in
clinical psychology
program;
all attended a two-day
workshop and received
Inclusion criteria:
• 2.5 to 4 years old at start
of intervention
• Received no other major
interventions during the
assessment period
• Diagnosed with ASD
Exclusion criteria:
• See Inclusion Criteria
Age, years ± SD:
Total: 5.91 ± 1.90
G1: 5.62 ± 1.74
G2: 6.2 ± 2.04
Mental age:
NR
Gender, n (%):
Male:
G1: 24 (83)
G2: 23 (77)
Female:
G1: 5 (17)
G2: 7 (23)
Race/ethnicity:
NR
SES:
Maternal education: NR
Household income: NR
Diagnostic approach:
Independent pediatrician
and confirmed in study
Diagnostic tool/method:
Semi-structured interview
based on DSM-IV and
C-104
Problem behavior:
ECBI intensity
score, mean ± SD:
G1: 144.14 ± 31.32
G2: 142.19 ± 31.73
ECBI problem
score, mean ± SD:
G1: 18.06 ± 7.71
G2: 19.72 ± 6.83
Parenting scale
score, mean ± SD:
Laxness:
G1: 2.8 ± 0.76
G2: 2.87 ± 0.75
Over-reactivity:
G1: 2.97 ± 0.75
G2: 2.9 ± 0.86
Verbosity:
G1: 3.26 ± 0.97
G2: 3.38 ± 0.78
Being a parent scale
score, mean ± SD:
Efficacy:
G1: 25.73 ± 5.35
G2: 26.57 ± 5.35
Satisfaction:
G1: 32.85 ± 5.79
G2: 33.43 ± 7.21
PAQ child-referent
bad behavior score,
mean ± SD:†
Internality:
G1: 7.26 ± 1.79
Problem
behavior:
ECBI intensity
score, mean ±
SD:
G1: 121.40 ±
25.28
G2: 148.63 ±
30.33
ES = 0.26, P <
0.001
ECBI problem
score, mean ±
SD:
G1: 11.21 ± 6.77
G2: 18.82 ± 8.32
ES = 0.16, P <
0.002
Parenting scale
score, mean ±
SD:
Laxness:
G1: 2.61 ± 0.45
G2: 3.30 ± 0.60
ES = 0.22, P <
0.001
Over-reactivity:
G1: 2.11 ± 0.59
G2: 3.01 ± 0.85
ES = 0.25, P <
0.001
Verbosity:
G1: 2.51 ±.84