Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD (continued) Study Inclusion/ Exclusion Baseline Description Intervention Criteria/ Population Measures Outcomes Vismara et al., Modifiers: 2009 In phase I, there (continued) was a significant relationship between therapist fidelity and both social initiations (P < 0.01) and and attention (P < 0.001) In phase II, there was a significant relationship between parent fidelity and social initiations (P < 0.001), imitations (P < 0.01), and attention (P < 0.001) Comments: *Authors report that data related to only one randomly selected child per therapist was used in the analysis; data from 2 children are included in both Phase I and II. **data only illustrated graphically Author: Whitingham et al., 2009 Whitingham et al., 2009† Country: Australia Practice setting: Academic Intervention setting: Clinic Enrollment period: NR Funding: School of Psychology, University of Queensland Author industry relationship disclosures: NR Design: RCT Intervention: Stepping Stones Triple P Positive Parenting Program: participants in groups of 4-5 based on level of functioning, included parent training, practice and feedback, using strategies including descriptive praise, planned ignoring, comic strip conversations and social stories Assessments: Family background questionnaire; ECBI; parenting scale (7-point likert scale: minimum 1, maximum 7); being a parent scale (6-point likert scale; 1=strongly agree, 6=strongly disagree); PAQ Groups: G1: intervention G2: wait-list control Provider: Probationary psychologists enrolled in clinical psychology program; all attended a two-day workshop and received Inclusion criteria: • 2.5 to 4 years old at start of intervention • Received no other major interventions during the assessment period • Diagnosed with ASD Exclusion criteria: • See Inclusion Criteria Age, years ± SD: Total: 5.91 ± 1.90 G1: 5.62 ± 1.74 G2: 6.2 ± 2.04 Mental age: NR Gender, n (%): Male: G1: 24 (83) G2: 23 (77) Female: G1: 5 (17) G2: 7 (23) Race/ethnicity: NR SES: Maternal education: NR Household income: NR Diagnostic approach: Independent pediatrician and confirmed in study Diagnostic tool/method: Semi-structured interview based on DSM-IV and C-104 Problem behavior: ECBI intensity score, mean ± SD: G1: 144.14 ± 31.32 G2: 142.19 ± 31.73 ECBI problem score, mean ± SD: G1: 18.06 ± 7.71 G2: 19.72 ± 6.83 Parenting scale score, mean ± SD: Laxness: G1: 2.8 ± 0.76 G2: 2.87 ± 0.75 Over-reactivity: G1: 2.97 ± 0.75 G2: 2.9 ± 0.86 Verbosity: G1: 3.26 ± 0.97 G2: 3.38 ± 0.78 Being a parent scale score, mean ± SD: Efficacy: G1: 25.73 ± 5.35 G2: 26.57 ± 5.35 Satisfaction: G1: 32.85 ± 5.79 G2: 33.43 ± 7.21 PAQ child-referent bad behavior score, mean ± SD:† Internality: G1: 7.26 ± 1.79 Problem behavior: ECBI intensity score, mean ± SD: G1: 121.40 ± 25.28 G2: 148.63 ± 30.33 ES = 0.26, P < 0.001 ECBI problem score, mean ± SD: G1: 11.21 ± 6.77 G2: 18.82 ± 8.32 ES = 0.16, P < 0.002 Parenting scale score, mean ± SD: Laxness: G1: 2.61 ± 0.45 G2: 3.30 ± 0.60 ES = 0.22, P < 0.001 Over-reactivity: G1: 2.11 ± 0.59 G2: 3.01 ± 0.85 ES = 0.25, P < 0.001 Verbosity: G1: 2.51 ±.84
Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD (continued) Study Inclusion/ Exclusion Description Intervention Criteria/ Population accreditation in stepping stones Gillberg’s criteria for Asperger syndrome Measure of treatment Diagnostic category, n fidelity reported: (%): NR ASD: Co-interventions held G1: 11 (38) stable during treatment: G2: 11 (37) NR Autism: Concomitant therapies: G1: 4 (14) Professional help sought G2: 4 (13) for child’s emotional or Asperger syndrome: behavioral problems, n: G1: 12 (41) G1: 12 G2: 15 (50) G2: 13 ASD-NOS: N at enrollment: G1: 29 G2: 30 G1: 2 (7%) G2: 0 Whitingham et al., 2009 Whitingham et al., 2009† (continued) N at follow-up: G1: 29 G2: 30 Other characteristics: Current language abilities (for age), n (%): No language: G1: 1 (3) G2: 4 (13) Little language: G1: 6 (21) G2: 7 (23) Verbal: G1: 22 (76) G2: 19 (63) Current marital status of parents, n: Married: G1: 21 G2: 26 Defacto: G1: 2 G2: 2 Divorced: G1: 2 G2: 1 Separated: G1: 3 G2: 1 Never married/defacto: G1: 1 G2: 0 Family situation, n: Original: G1: 22 G2: 27 Step-Family: G1: 1 G2: 1 Sole Parent: G1: 5 C-105 Baseline Measures Outcomes G2: 6.82 ± 1.76 G2: 3.37 ±.84 Stability: ES = 0.16, P < G1: 5.70 ± 1.66 0.01 G2: 6.59 ± 1.68 Being a parent Controllability: scale score, mean G1: 6.30 ± 1.69 ± SD: G2: 5.86 ± 1.75 Efficacy: PAQ child-referent G1: 18.79 ± 5.99 good behavior G2: 23.30 ± 5.93 score, mean ± SD:† Satisfaction: Internality: G1: 39.41 ± 6.04 G1: 6.83 ± 1.37 G2: 35.23 ± 7.60 G2: 6.36 ± 0.90 Significant trend, Stability: P < 0.05 G1: 7.04 ± 1.33 G2: 7.00 ± 1.15 Controllability: G1: 7.43 ± 1.27 G2: 6.86 ± 1.67 PAQ child-referent PAQ child- ASD-related referent bad behavior score, behavior score, mean ± SD:† mean ± SD:† Internality: Internality: G1: 7.56 ± 1.34 G1: 6.17 ± 1.11 G2: 7.14 ± 1.25 G2: 6.95 ± 1.53 Stability: Stability: G1: 6.87 ± 1.63 G1: 5.35 ± 1.61 G2: 7.00 ± 1.85 G2: 5.86 ± 1.78 Controllability: Controllability: G1: 5.30 ± 1.64 G1: 6.91 ± 1.56 G2: 4.95 ± 1.84 G2: 6.59 ± 1.65 PAQ childreferent good behavior score, mean ± SD:† Internality: G1: 6.74 ± 1.48 G2: 6.50 ± 1.18 Stability: G1: 7.22 ± 1.73 G2: 6.86 ± 1.52 Controllability: G1: 7.56 ± 1.50 G2: 7.00 ± 1.60 PAQ childreferentASDrelated behavior score, mean ± SD:† Internality: G1: 7.22 ± 1.35 G2: 6.77 ± 1.11 Stability: G1: 6.26 ± 1.68 G2: 7.27 ± 1.52 Controllability:
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Comparative Effectiveness Review Nu
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This report is based on research co
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Therapies for Children With Autism
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Dietary and Other Medical Intervent
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Figures Figure A. Analytic framewor
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Table A. Description of interventio
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Analytic Framework Figure A. Analyt
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Strength of evidence. The degree of
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epetitive behavior showed improveme
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subgroups of children, although the
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We encourage investigators to provi
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9. Remington B, Hastings RP, Kovsho
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46. Green J, Charman T, McConachie
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82. Reaven JA, Blakeley-Smith A, Ni
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120. Masi G, Cosenza A, Mucci M, et
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157. Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I,
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Introduction Need for Evidence for
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Interventions intended primarily to
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Table 1. Description of behavioral
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Serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Sero
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Table 3. Description of medical and
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Table 4. Description of allied heal
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Key Questions and Analytic Framewor
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Chapter 4 discusses the results in
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Methods This chapter documents proc
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• Did not present aggregated resu
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Additional behavioral interventions
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1. Did the study employ a group des
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Scoring: Studies minimally had to h
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These ratings of applicability do n
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Figure 2. Disposition of articles a
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• ABA-based approaches including
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education, children in the intensiv
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abilities. This finding is further
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Table 10. Outcomes of early intensi
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forecast behavior; perspective taki
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interaction with peers; outcome mea
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hyperactivity, inattention, challen
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Table 12. Outcomes of RCTs assessin
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Schedule for Affective Disorders an
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SCAS-P=Spence Child Anxiety Scale-P
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Summary of the literature. Jarusiew
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Table 14. Overview of educational s
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on the Ankara Developmental Screeni
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Checklist scores decreased by 8.4 f
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Table 15. Outcomes of studies asses
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evaluated the effects of risperidon
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that this somnolence improved over
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Table 17. Outcomes of RCTs of antip
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Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SRIs
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One prospective case series of esci
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Most participants were recruited fr
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Dietary and Other Medical Intervent
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Summary of the literature-other int
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withdrew after the first six weeks;
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therefore described separately belo
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addressed, 85 typically involves on
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In the second paper, 89 treatment s
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Table 25. Overview of CAM studies a
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Teacher and Parent Scales, behavior
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Because of the potentially increase
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Educational Interventions Child cha
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showed diminished response to escit
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oom as the other assessments, so it
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contrast group (n=18) on three meas
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and are based on consideration of f
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Few studies directly comparing the
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Strength of evidence. The strength
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While individual studies of CBT and
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Table 32. Summary of results of edu
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Table 33. Summary of results of med
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strength of this reviewed literatur
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Table 36. Intervention, strength of
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Table 37. Interventions/outcomes wi
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gains. 104 Other studies have seen
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percent of behavioral studies repor
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limited followup, lack of comparati
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individual intervention is warrante
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selecting participants for their st
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studies lacked an arm that consider
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23. Kanner L. Autistic Disturbances
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62. Dosman CF, Drmic IE, Brian JA,
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104. Ben-Itzchak E and Zachor DA. T
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142. Tyminski RF and Moore PJ. The
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177. Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill
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214. Correia CT, Almeida JP, Santos
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252. Akhondzadeh S, Tajdar H, Moham
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290. Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J,
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Acronyms/Abbreviations ABA Applied
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Appendix A. Exact Search Strings an
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Table A2. PsycINFO search strategie
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Therapies for Children with Autism
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Therapies for Children with ASD Sys
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Appendix C. Evidence Tables Tables
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Evidence Table. Therapies for child
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Country: US Practice setting: Clini
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Dunn-Geier et al., 2000 (continued)
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Evidence Table: Therapies for Child
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Appendix D. List of Excluded Studie
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31. Aarsland D, Cummings JL and Lar
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59. Ahearn WH, Clark KM, Gardenier
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89. Allison DB, Basile VC and MacDo
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118. Ando H, Yoshimura I and Wakaba
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146. Atkinson RP, Jenson WR, Rovner
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177. Bakare MO, Agomoh AO, Ebigbo P
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204. Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allis
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233. Bebko JM, Perry A and Bryson S
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262. Bergmann F, Stepp H, Metzger R
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291. Birkan B, McClannahan LE and K
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319. Boddy F, Rowan EN, Lett D, et
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348. Bouma R and Schweitzer R. The
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376. Broadstock M, Doughty C and Eg
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404. Brudnak MA. Application of gen
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432. Buitelaar JK. Why have drug tr
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460. Butler DE, Nordin IC, L’Ital
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489. Campbell M, Locascio JJ, Choro
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517. Caronna EB, Augustyn M and Zuc
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546. Case-Smith J and Miller H. Occ
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574. Charlop MH, Burgio LD, Iwata B
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602. Cheng CW, Cho SH, Taylor M, et
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631. Cicero FR and Pfadt A. Investi
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662. Collier D and Reid G. A compar
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691. Coskun M, Karakoc S, Kircelli
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718. Cullen LA, Barlow JH and Cushw
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748. Davidovitch M, Holtzman G and
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777. DeLeon IG, Fisher WW and Marhe
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805. Devlin SD, Harber MM. Collabor
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834. Doherty K, Fitzgerald M and Ma
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863. Dudley LL, Johnson C and Barne
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893. Dybvik AC. Autism and the Incl
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924. Elder JH. In-home communicatio
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953. Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler
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979. Faja S, Aylward E, Bernier R,
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1008. Ferri R, Elia M, Agarwal N, e
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1037. Fisher W, Kerbeshian J and Bu
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1066. Fragala-Pinkham M, Haley SM a
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1095. Furneaux B. Keeping the balan
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1124. Garcaa-Villamisar D, Wehman P
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1152. Ghezzi PM. Discrete Trials Te
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1180. Goin-Kochel RP, Myers BJ and
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1210. Gordon R, Handleman JS and Ha
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1239. Grimaldi BL. The central role
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1268. Guptill JT, Booker AB, Gibbs
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1296. Hamdan-Allen G. Brief report:
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1324. Hare DJ, Jones JPR and Paine
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1356. Harrison S and Berry L. Valui
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1386. Heilbrun AB, Jr., Blum N and
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1414. Hetzroni OE and Shalem U. Fro
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1443. Holburn CS. Counter the mistr
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1473. Horner RH, Carr EG, Strain PS
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1504. Hughes C, Soares-Boucaud I, H
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1533. Ijichi S and Ijichi N. Beyond
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1562. James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S,
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1591. Johnson CR, Butter EM, Handen
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1619. Joyce PR. The medical model-w
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1647. Karmali I, Greer RD, Nuzzolo-
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1673. Kelly AB, Garnett MS, Attwood
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1702. Kielinen M, Linna SL and Moil
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1731. Klin A, Lin DJ, Gorrindo P, e
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1761. Koegel RL and Frea WD. Treatm
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1790. Kolmen BK, Feldman HM, Handen
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1819. Kratochvil CJ, Findling RL, M
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1846. Lam MK and Rao N. Developing
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1874. Lattimore LP, Parsons MB and
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1903. Lee PC. Verification of a sim
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1932. Lerman DC, Vorndran C, Addiso
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1960. Licciardello CC, Harchik AE a
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1989. Liptak GS, Orlando M, Yinglin
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2015. Lorimer PA, Simpson RL, Myles
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2043. Luiselli JK, Kane A, Treml T,
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2071. MacFarlane JR and Kanaya T. W
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2099. Malone RP, Maislin G, Choudhu
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2127. Marin FZ. CAM versus nucleopl
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2157. Martineau J, Roux S, Adrien J
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2185. Matson JL and Lo Vullo SV. A
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2213. McCabe H. The Importance of P
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2240. McDougle CJ, Holmes JP, Carls
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2267. McHale SM, Olley JG, Marcus L
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2296. Merlo LJ, Lehmkuhl HD, Geffke
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2325. Minderaa RB, Anderson GM, Vol
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2354. Montgomery JM, Duncan CR and
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2385. Morrison RS, Sainato DM, Benc
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2413. Munesue T, Ono Y, Mutoh K, et
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2445. Napolitano DA, Tessing JL, Mc
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2474. Niederhofer H and Pittschiele
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2501. Nwora AJ and Gee BM. A case s
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2530. Olive ML, Lang RB and Davis T
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2559. Owens JA, Rosen CL and Mindel
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2589. Pansegrouw I and Alant E. Com
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2618. Paul C, Williams KE, Riegel K
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2646. Perry R, Nobler MS and Campbe
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2675. Piazza CC, Hagopian LP, Hughe
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2704. Poon L, Partika N and Bolman
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2734. Prizant BM. Speech-language p
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2764. Rapp JT, Vollmer TR, St. Pete
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2792. Reed P, Broomfield L, McHugh
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2819. Remington G, Sloman L, Konsta
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2849. Ringdahl JE, Kitsukawa K, And
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2877. Rogers SJ. Interventions that
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2908. Rossignol DA. Novel and emerg
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2939. Rutter M, Kreppner J, Croft C
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2967. Sandt D. Social Stories for S
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2994. Scanlon K. Art therapy with a
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3023. Schneider CK, Melmed RD, Bars
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3054. Schwartz IS, Sandall SR, Garf
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3085. Shafer MS, Egel AL and Neef N
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3115. Shipley-Benamou R, Lutzker JR
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3143. Siller M and Sigman M. The be
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3173. Smith C, Felce D, Jones E, et
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3202. Snyder A, Bossomaier T and Mi
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3230. Spero MH. The emancipation of
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3259. Stephens CE. Spontaneous imit
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3289. Strambi M, Longini M, Hayek J
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3318. Suzumura K. How an autistic b
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3346. Tager-Flusberg H and Calkins
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3376. Taylor I, O’Reilly M and La
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3407. Thunberg G, Ahlsen E and Sand
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3435. Trembath D, Balandin S, Toghe
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3464. Turner-Brown LM, Perry TD, Di
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3492. Van Der Putt R, Dineen C, Jan
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3522. Vitiello B. Recent NIMH clini
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3553. Walenski M, Mostofsky SH, Gid
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3581. Weber RC and Thorpe J. Teachi
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3610. Wheeler JJ, Baggett BA, Fox J
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3637. Williams B. Mental handicap n
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3669. Wimpory D, Chadwick P and Nas
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3698. Worth S and Reynolds S. The A
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Appendix F. Approach to Categorizin
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APPENDIX G. Discussion of Recent Sy
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one a casein free regime. Diets wer
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outcome data as Type 6, defined as
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Yes—no disclosures to make G7 Bai
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Table G1. Characteristics of recent
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Random assignment Appropriate compa
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Study Group design Random assignmen
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APPENDIX I. Applicability Summary T
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Social skills (continued) Domain De
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