Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD (continued)
Study
Inclusion/ Exclusion
Description Intervention
Criteria/ Population
Author:
Yoder and Stone,
2006a, 2006b
Yoder and
Lieberman, 2009†
Country:
US
Practice
setting:
Academic
Intervention
setting:
Clinic
Enrollment
period:
January 2000 to
March 2003
Funding:
NIH
Author industry
relationship
disclosures:
NR
Design:
RCT
Intervention:
Two communication
interventions: Picture
Exchange Communication
System (PECS) and
Responsive Education
and Prelinguistic Milieu
Teaching (RPMT),
delivered three
times/week in 20 minute
sessions for 6 months,
an average of 60 ± 7.1
sessions (range 33-70)
Parents given up to 15
hours of training to
complement material
covered in the children’s
treatment sessions
Parent training hours,
mean ± SD:
G1: 7.9 ± 2.3
G2: 10.6 ± 2.2
G1/G2: P < 0.01
Assessments:
Pre- and post-treatment:
ESCS-abridged, an
unstructured free-play
session with an examiner,
a measure of turn taking
and a free-play session
with the primary caregiver
Spoken communication
assessed at pretreatment,
post treatment and at 6month
follow-up period
{#487}
All assessments were
conducted by examiners
who were not the
children’s therapists
disorders:
Social phobia:
G1: 13 (76)
G2: 22 (96)
SAD:
G1: 8 (47)
G2: 16 (70)
OCD:
G1: 8 (47)
G2: 9 (39)
GAD:
G1: 11 (65)
G2: 8 (35)
Parent married/re-married:
G1: 14 (82)
G2: 19 (83)
Inclusion criteria:
• Diagnosis of autistic
disorder or PDD-NOS
• Age 18-60 months
• Used fewer than 10
words during all of three
communication samples
• Passed hearing
screenings administered
outside of the project
Exclusion criteria:
• Severe sensory/motor
deficits
• English not the primary
language spoken at
home
Age, years ± SD (range):
G1: 3.1 ± 0.8 (7.8-4.5)
G2: 2.7 ± 0.5 (1.9-3.5)
Mental age, months ± SD:
Nonverbal:
G1: 18.8 ± 4.5 (11.5-26.5)
G2: 18.6 ± 3.2 (13-23.5)
Verbal:
G1: 11.7 ± 3.4 (7-19)
G2: 11.9 ± 2.5 (7-19)
Gender, n (%):
Male: 31 (86)
Female: 5 (14)
Race/ethnicity, n (%):
White: 25 (69)
African American: 8 (22)
Other: 3(8)
SES:
Primary parent education,
median:
3-4 years of college
Parental occupational
status, mean ± SD (range):
G1: 43 ± 22 (10-87)
G2: 51 ± 21 (8-80)
C-110
Baseline
Measures Outcomes
Communication/
language:
ESCS, number of
requests, mean ±
SD:
Total: 11.9 ± 7.3
G1: 13 ± 8
G2: 11 ± 6
Unstructured free
play, number of
requests, mean ±
SD:
Total: 4.2 ± 9.2
ESCS, number of
joint attention
initiations, mean ±
SD:
Total: 2.7 ± 3.5
G1: 3 ± 4
G2: 2 ± 2
Unstructured free
play, number of joint
attention initiations,
mean ± SD:
Total: 2.7 ± 4.5
Number of object
exchange turns,
mean ± SD:
Total: 3.7 ± 4.5
G1: 5 ± 5
G2: 2 ± 3
ADOS communication
algorithm score,
mean ± SD:†
G1: 5.79 ± 1.18
G2: 6.35 ± 1.27
G1/G2: P = NS
ADOS social
algorithm score
mean ± SD:†
G1: 10.32 ± 2.36
Communication/
language:
ESCS, number of
requests, mean ±
SD:
Total: 17.7 ± 10.7
G1+G2/BL: P =
0.002
Unstructured free
play, number of
requests, mean ±
SD:
Total: 4.5 ± 5.7
G1+G2/BL: P =
NS
ESCS, number of
joint attention
initiations, mean ±
SD:
Total: 4.7 ± 4.8
G1+G2/BL: P =
0.01
Unstructured free
play, number of
joint attention
initiations, mean ±
SD:
Total: 8 9 ± 0.24
G1+G2/BL: P =
0.02
Number of object
exchange turns,
mean ± SD:
Total: 5.5 ± 4.7
G1+G2/BL: P =
0.008
Number of object
exchange turns,
mean (SE):
G1: 4 (0.81)
G2: 7.1 (0.86)