Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD
Study
Inclusion/Exclusion Baseline
Description Intervention
Criteria/Population Measures Outcomes
Author:
Intervention:
Inclusion criteria: Overall ratings: Social skills:
Escalona et al., Imitation vs. contingently • Diagnosed with autism CARS score, mean: Time spent
2002
Country:
US
responsive
Four phases, each 3
minutes long:
• Nonverbal behavior
(unspecified)
Exclusion criteria:
G1: 38
G2: 37
G1/G2: P = NS
looking at adult,
phase 3, %:
G1: 6.0
Practice
setting:
Academic
Intervention
setting:
Clinic
Enrollment
period:
NR
Funding:
NIH, Johnson &
Johnson
Author industry
relationship
disclosures:
NR
Design:
RCT
• Phase 1: still face • See inclusion criteria Social skills: G2: 5.1
• Phase 2: unfamiliar Age, years (range): Time spent looking G1/BL: P = NS
adult imitative or Total: NR (3-7)
at adult, %: G2/BL: P < 0.05
contingently responsive Female: 4.8 (NR) G1: 7.9
G1/G2: P = NS
to behaviors of child Male: 5.5 (NR)
G2: 2.6
Time spent more
• Phase 3: still face Mental age:
Time spent more than 5 feet from
• Phase 4: spontaneous PEP-R cognitive
than 5 feet from adult, phase 3, %:
play interaction performance, mean adult, %:
G1: 69.6
Assessments:
developmental level: G1: 91.8
G2: 68.6
PEP-R, 3-minute G1: 19
G2: 94.6
G1/BL: P < 0.01
videotaped sessions G2: 17
Time touching adult G2/BL: P < 0.01
Groups:
G1/G2: P = NS
with a smooth, light G1/G2: P = NS
G1: imitation
Gender, n :
touch (“socially Time touching
G2: contingently Male: 12
positive way”), %: adult with a
responsive
Female: 8
G1: 0.1
smooth, light
Provider:
Race/ethnicity, %: G2: 0
touch (“socially
NR
White: 41
Communication/ positive way”),
Measure of treatment Hispanic: 27
language: phase 3, %:
fidelity reported: Black: 23
Time spent in G1: 0.9
No
Other ethnic group: 9 silence, %: G2: 0.2
Co-interventions held SES:
G1: 85.3
G1/BL: P < 0.05
stable during treatment: Maternal education: NR G2: 84.7
G2/BL: P = NS
NR
Household income: NR Repetitive G1/G2: P = NS
Concomitant therapies: Hollingshead Index: 2.7 behavior:
Communication/
NR
Diagnostic approach: Time spend showing language:
N at enrollment: Referral
motor sterotypies, Time spent in
G1: 10
Diagnostic tool/method: %:
silence, phase 3,
G2: 10
DSM-IV (“children G1: 0.9
%:
N at follow-up:
diagnosed with autism by G2: 0.6
G1: 81.2
G1: 10
the age of 3 by the school’s Motor skills: G2: 77.9
G2: 10
experienced clinical Time spent in motor G1/BL: P = NS
psychologist”)
activity (running/ G2/BL: P < 0.05
Diagnostic category, n walking/jumping), %: G1/G2: P = NS
(%):
G1: 6.2
Repetitive
Autism: 20 (100)
G2: 4.4
behavior:
Other characteristics: PEP-R cognitive Time spend
NR
verbal score, mean showing motor
developmental level: sterotypies, phase
G1: 17
3, %:
G2: 14
G1: 0.9
G1/G2: P = NS G2: 1.1
G1/BL: P = NS
G2/BL: P < 0.05
G1/G2: P = NS
Escalona et al.,
Motor skills:
2002 (continued)
Time spent in
motor activity
(running/walking/
jumping), phase
3, %:
G1: 2.1
G2: 4.3
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