Therapies for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD Study Inclusion/Exclusion Baseline Description Intervention Criteria/Population Measures Outcomes Author: Intervention: Inclusion criteria: Commonly Commonly Sofronoff et al., Cognitive behavioral • Primary diagnosis of occurring co- occurring co- 2005 therapy: 6 week study Asperger syndrome morbidities:morbidities: Country: (6 two-hour sessions); from a pediatrician SCAS-P score, SCAS-P score, 6 Australia children were allocated in • Phone interview with a mean ± SD: week follow-up, Practice groups of 3 with 2 parent to establish Total: mean ± SD: setting: therapists in each group, DSM-IV criteria G1: 40.23 ± 20.42 Total: Academic within each treatment • CAST score > 15 G2: 35.25 ± 16.44 G1: 29.42 ± 15.3 Intervention group by age and sex Exclusion criteria: G3: 36.64 ± 16.67 G2: 21.11 ± 10.1 setting: (girls grouped together) • See inclusion criteria Separation G3: 36.32 ± 13.3 Clinic Sessions: Age, mean/yrs ±SD: anxiety: G1/BL: P < 0.01 Enrollment • Exploring positive G1: 10.56 ± 0.99 G2: G1: 7.01 ± 4.46 G2/BL: P < 0.01 period: emotions 10.54 ± 1.26 G2: 6.79 ± 4.71 G3/BL: P = NS NR • Exploration of anxiety G3: 10.75 ± 1.04 G3: 8.18 ± 4.45 G1/G2: P < 0.025 Funding Agency: and recognition of Mental age: OCD: ANOVA: time NR speech, thinking, IQ, mean ± SD (range): G1: 5.11 ± 4.65 (P < 0.0001), Author industry physiological and G1: 107.5 ± 27.3 (90-137) G2: 5.21 ± 3.67 time Х treatment relationship behavior changes G2: 105.6 ± 21.2 (90-135) G3: 4.96 ± 4.08 (P < 0.0001) disclosures: • Exploration of social G3: 101 ± 27.2 (95-125) Social phobia: Separation anxiety: NR tools Gender, n (%): G1: 9.03 ± 4.45 G1: 5.38 ± 3.7 Design: • Measures of the Male: G2: 7.93 ± 5.03 G2: 3.03 ± 2.2 RCT degrees of emotion G1: 20 (87) G3: 7.21 ± 4.75 G3: 8.89 ± 4.5 • Exploring social stories G2: 22 (88) Panic: G1/BL: P < 0.01 • Working together to G3: 20 (87) G1: 4.88 ± 4.67 G2/BL: P < 0.0001 design a program to Female: G2: 3.89 ± 2.84 G3/BL: P = NS improve the manage- G1: 3 (13) G3: 4.18 ± 4.28 G1/G2: P < 0.02 ment of anxiety G2: 3 (12) Personal injury: G1/G3: P < 0.02 In the child-only treat- G3: 3 (13) G1: 5.69 ± 3.37 G2/G3: P < 0.001 ment, parents received no Race/ethnicity: G2: 5.07 ± 2.97 ANOVA: treatment training but got instruct- NR G3: 5.54 ± 3.28 (P < 0.01), time tions for the weekly home- SES: GAD: (P < 0.0001), time based projects; in the Maternal education: NR G1: 8.42 ± 3.41 Х treatment child and parents treat- Household income: NR G2: 6.36 ± 3.30 (P < 0.0001) ment, parents were Diagnostic approach: G3: 6.57 ± 3.65 OCD: trained to work as co- Referral SWQ-P score, G1: 2.88 ± 2.9 therapists and to Diagnostic tool/method: mean: G2: 2.21 ± 1.9 complete home-based DSM-IV checklist/CAST G1: NR* G3: 5.71 ± 4.4 projects Diagnostic category, n G2: NR* G1/BL: P < 0.0001 Assessments: (%): G3: NR* G2/BL: P < 0.0001 Measures administered Autism: 0 James and the G3/BL: P = NS pre- and post-intervention PDD-NOS: 0 Maths test score, ANOVA: time and at 6 week follow-up: Aspergers: 71 (100) mean: (P < 0.05), time James and the Maths Other characteristics: G1: NR* Х treatment Test, SCAS-P, SWQ-P Children’s depression G2: NR* (P < 0.05) Groups: inventory, mean ± SD: G3: NR* Social phobia: G1: child only G1: 11.5 (8.27) G1: 7.38 ± 4.43 G2: child and parents G2: 10.25 (7.82) G2: 5.96 ± 4.32 G3: wait-list group G3: 8.62 (5.80) G3: 6.61 ± 4.49 Provider: G1/BL: P < 0.05 Therapists G2/BL: P < 0.01 Measure of treatment G3/BL: P = NS fidelity reported: ANOVA: time Yes (P < 0.05), time Х treatment (P < 0.05) C-328
Evidence Table. Therapies for children with ASD Study Inclusion/Exclusion Description Intervention Criteria/Population Sofronoff et al., Co-interventions held Spence Child Anxiety 2005 (continued) stable during treatment: Scale total score, mean ± NR SD: Concomitant therapies: G1: 29.29 (17.45) NR G2: 32.23 (17.71) N at enrollment: G3: 27.46 (12.19) G1: 23 Spence Child Anxiety G2: 25 Scale score, parent-rated, G3: 23 mean: N at follow-up: Total score: 37.30 G1: 22 Panic/Agorophobia: 4.30 G2: 24 OCD: 5.10 G3: 20 Social phobia: 8.03 Physical injury: 5.43 Separation anxiety: 7.35 GAD: 7.09 Sofronoff et al., 2005 (continued) C-329 Baseline Measures Outcomes Panic: G1: 3.31 ± 3.5 G2: 2.68 ± 2.4 G3: 3.35 ± 2.7 G1/BL: P < 0.01 G2/BL: P < 0.05 G3/BL: P = NS Personal injury: G1: 5.00 ± 3.9 G2: 3.32 ± 2.2 G3: 5.17 ± 3.8 G1/BL: P = NS G2/BL: P < 0.0001 G3/BL: P = NS GAD: G1: 5.46 ± 2.67 G2: 3.89 ± 2.36 G3: 6.57 ± 3.56 G1/BL: P < 0.0001 G2/BL: P < 0.0001 G3/BL: P = NS ANOVA: time (P < 0.05), time Х treatment (P < 0.05) SWQ-P score, 6 week follow-up, mean: G1: NR* G2: NR* G3: NR* G1/BL: P < 0.001 G2/BL: P < 0.0001 G3/BL: P = NS G1/G2: P = 0.06 G1/G3: P < 0.01 G2/G3: P < 0.0001 ANOVA: time (P < 0.0001), time Х treatment (P < 0.0001) James and the Maths test score, 6 week follow-up, mean: G1: NR* G2: NR* G3: NR* G1/BL: P < 0.0001 G2/BL: P < 0.0001 G3/BL: P = NS G1/G2: P < 0.001 G1/G3: P < 0.001 G2/G3: P < 0.001 ANOVA: treatment (P < 0.0001), time (P < 0.0001), time
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Comparative Effectiveness Review Nu
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This report is based on research co
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Acknowledgments We are indebted to
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Therapies for Children With Autism
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Dietary and Other Medical Intervent
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Figures Figure A. Analytic framewor
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Table A. Description of interventio
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Analytic Framework Figure A. Analyt
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Strength of evidence. The degree of
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epetitive behavior showed improveme
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subgroups of children, although the
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We encourage investigators to provi
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9. Remington B, Hastings RP, Kovsho
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46. Green J, Charman T, McConachie
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82. Reaven JA, Blakeley-Smith A, Ni
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120. Masi G, Cosenza A, Mucci M, et
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157. Evangeliou A, Vlachonikolis I,
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Introduction Need for Evidence for
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Interventions intended primarily to
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Table 1. Description of behavioral
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Serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Sero
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Table 3. Description of medical and
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Table 4. Description of allied heal
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Key Questions and Analytic Framewor
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Chapter 4 discusses the results in
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Methods This chapter documents proc
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• Did not present aggregated resu
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Additional behavioral interventions
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1. Did the study employ a group des
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Scoring: Studies minimally had to h
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These ratings of applicability do n
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Figure 2. Disposition of articles a
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• ABA-based approaches including
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education, children in the intensiv
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abilities. This finding is further
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Table 10. Outcomes of early intensi
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forecast behavior; perspective taki
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interaction with peers; outcome mea
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hyperactivity, inattention, challen
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Table 12. Outcomes of RCTs assessin
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Schedule for Affective Disorders an
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SCAS-P=Spence Child Anxiety Scale-P
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Summary of the literature. Jarusiew
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Table 14. Overview of educational s
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on the Ankara Developmental Screeni
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Checklist scores decreased by 8.4 f
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Table 15. Outcomes of studies asses
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evaluated the effects of risperidon
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that this somnolence improved over
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Table 17. Outcomes of RCTs of antip
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Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors SRIs
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One prospective case series of esci
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Most participants were recruited fr
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Dietary and Other Medical Intervent
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Summary of the literature-other int
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withdrew after the first six weeks;
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therefore described separately belo
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addressed, 85 typically involves on
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In the second paper, 89 treatment s
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Table 25. Overview of CAM studies a
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Teacher and Parent Scales, behavior
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Because of the potentially increase
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Educational Interventions Child cha
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showed diminished response to escit
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oom as the other assessments, so it
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contrast group (n=18) on three meas
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and are based on consideration of f
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Few studies directly comparing the
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Strength of evidence. The strength
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While individual studies of CBT and
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Table 32. Summary of results of edu
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Table 33. Summary of results of med
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strength of this reviewed literatur
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Table 36. Intervention, strength of
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Table 37. Interventions/outcomes wi
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gains. 104 Other studies have seen
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percent of behavioral studies repor
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limited followup, lack of comparati
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individual intervention is warrante
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selecting participants for their st
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studies lacked an arm that consider
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23. Kanner L. Autistic Disturbances
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62. Dosman CF, Drmic IE, Brian JA,
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104. Ben-Itzchak E and Zachor DA. T
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142. Tyminski RF and Moore PJ. The
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177. Aman MG, McDougle CJ, Scahill
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214. Correia CT, Almeida JP, Santos
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252. Akhondzadeh S, Tajdar H, Moham
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290. Dawson G, Rogers S, Munson J,
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Acronyms/Abbreviations ABA Applied
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Appendix A. Exact Search Strings an
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Table A2. PsycINFO search strategie
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Therapies for Children with Autism
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Therapies for Children with ASD Sys
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Appendix C. Evidence Tables Tables
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Evidence Table. Therapies for child
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Country: US Practice setting: Clini
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Dunn-Geier et al., 2000 (continued)
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Evidence Table: Therapies for Child
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Appendix D. List of Excluded Studie
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31. Aarsland D, Cummings JL and Lar
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59. Ahearn WH, Clark KM, Gardenier
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89. Allison DB, Basile VC and MacDo
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118. Ando H, Yoshimura I and Wakaba
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146. Atkinson RP, Jenson WR, Rovner
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177. Bakare MO, Agomoh AO, Ebigbo P
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204. Baron-Cohen S, Scott FJ, Allis
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233. Bebko JM, Perry A and Bryson S
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262. Bergmann F, Stepp H, Metzger R
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291. Birkan B, McClannahan LE and K
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319. Boddy F, Rowan EN, Lett D, et
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348. Bouma R and Schweitzer R. The
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376. Broadstock M, Doughty C and Eg
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404. Brudnak MA. Application of gen
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432. Buitelaar JK. Why have drug tr
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460. Butler DE, Nordin IC, L’Ital
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489. Campbell M, Locascio JJ, Choro
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517. Caronna EB, Augustyn M and Zuc
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546. Case-Smith J and Miller H. Occ
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574. Charlop MH, Burgio LD, Iwata B
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602. Cheng CW, Cho SH, Taylor M, et
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631. Cicero FR and Pfadt A. Investi
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662. Collier D and Reid G. A compar
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691. Coskun M, Karakoc S, Kircelli
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718. Cullen LA, Barlow JH and Cushw
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748. Davidovitch M, Holtzman G and
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777. DeLeon IG, Fisher WW and Marhe
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805. Devlin SD, Harber MM. Collabor
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834. Doherty K, Fitzgerald M and Ma
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863. Dudley LL, Johnson C and Barne
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893. Dybvik AC. Autism and the Incl
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924. Elder JH. In-home communicatio
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953. Erickson CA, Posey DJ, Stigler
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979. Faja S, Aylward E, Bernier R,
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1008. Ferri R, Elia M, Agarwal N, e
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1037. Fisher W, Kerbeshian J and Bu
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1066. Fragala-Pinkham M, Haley SM a
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1095. Furneaux B. Keeping the balan
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1124. Garcaa-Villamisar D, Wehman P
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1152. Ghezzi PM. Discrete Trials Te
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1180. Goin-Kochel RP, Myers BJ and
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1210. Gordon R, Handleman JS and Ha
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1239. Grimaldi BL. The central role
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1268. Guptill JT, Booker AB, Gibbs
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1296. Hamdan-Allen G. Brief report:
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1324. Hare DJ, Jones JPR and Paine
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1356. Harrison S and Berry L. Valui
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1386. Heilbrun AB, Jr., Blum N and
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1414. Hetzroni OE and Shalem U. Fro
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1443. Holburn CS. Counter the mistr
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1473. Horner RH, Carr EG, Strain PS
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1504. Hughes C, Soares-Boucaud I, H
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1533. Ijichi S and Ijichi N. Beyond
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1562. James SJ, Cutler P, Melnyk S,
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1591. Johnson CR, Butter EM, Handen
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1619. Joyce PR. The medical model-w
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1647. Karmali I, Greer RD, Nuzzolo-
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1673. Kelly AB, Garnett MS, Attwood
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1702. Kielinen M, Linna SL and Moil
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1731. Klin A, Lin DJ, Gorrindo P, e
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1761. Koegel RL and Frea WD. Treatm
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1790. Kolmen BK, Feldman HM, Handen
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1819. Kratochvil CJ, Findling RL, M
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1846. Lam MK and Rao N. Developing
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1874. Lattimore LP, Parsons MB and
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1903. Lee PC. Verification of a sim
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1932. Lerman DC, Vorndran C, Addiso
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1960. Licciardello CC, Harchik AE a
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1989. Liptak GS, Orlando M, Yinglin
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2015. Lorimer PA, Simpson RL, Myles
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2043. Luiselli JK, Kane A, Treml T,
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2071. MacFarlane JR and Kanaya T. W
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2099. Malone RP, Maislin G, Choudhu
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2127. Marin FZ. CAM versus nucleopl
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2157. Martineau J, Roux S, Adrien J
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2185. Matson JL and Lo Vullo SV. A
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2213. McCabe H. The Importance of P
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2240. McDougle CJ, Holmes JP, Carls
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2267. McHale SM, Olley JG, Marcus L
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2296. Merlo LJ, Lehmkuhl HD, Geffke
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2325. Minderaa RB, Anderson GM, Vol
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2354. Montgomery JM, Duncan CR and
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2385. Morrison RS, Sainato DM, Benc
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2413. Munesue T, Ono Y, Mutoh K, et
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2445. Napolitano DA, Tessing JL, Mc
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2474. Niederhofer H and Pittschiele
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2501. Nwora AJ and Gee BM. A case s
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2530. Olive ML, Lang RB and Davis T
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2559. Owens JA, Rosen CL and Mindel
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2589. Pansegrouw I and Alant E. Com
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2618. Paul C, Williams KE, Riegel K
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2646. Perry R, Nobler MS and Campbe
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2675. Piazza CC, Hagopian LP, Hughe
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2704. Poon L, Partika N and Bolman
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2734. Prizant BM. Speech-language p
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2764. Rapp JT, Vollmer TR, St. Pete
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2792. Reed P, Broomfield L, McHugh
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2819. Remington G, Sloman L, Konsta
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2849. Ringdahl JE, Kitsukawa K, And
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2877. Rogers SJ. Interventions that
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2908. Rossignol DA. Novel and emerg
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2939. Rutter M, Kreppner J, Croft C
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2967. Sandt D. Social Stories for S
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2994. Scanlon K. Art therapy with a
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3023. Schneider CK, Melmed RD, Bars
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3054. Schwartz IS, Sandall SR, Garf
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3085. Shafer MS, Egel AL and Neef N
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3115. Shipley-Benamou R, Lutzker JR
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3143. Siller M and Sigman M. The be
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3173. Smith C, Felce D, Jones E, et
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3202. Snyder A, Bossomaier T and Mi
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3230. Spero MH. The emancipation of
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3259. Stephens CE. Spontaneous imit
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3289. Strambi M, Longini M, Hayek J
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3318. Suzumura K. How an autistic b
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3346. Tager-Flusberg H and Calkins
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3376. Taylor I, O’Reilly M and La
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3407. Thunberg G, Ahlsen E and Sand
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3435. Trembath D, Balandin S, Toghe
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3464. Turner-Brown LM, Perry TD, Di
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3492. Van Der Putt R, Dineen C, Jan
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3522. Vitiello B. Recent NIMH clini
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3553. Walenski M, Mostofsky SH, Gid
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3581. Weber RC and Thorpe J. Teachi
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3610. Wheeler JJ, Baggett BA, Fox J
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3637. Williams B. Mental handicap n
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3669. Wimpory D, Chadwick P and Nas
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3698. Worth S and Reynolds S. The A
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3728. Young JM, Krantz PJ, McClanna
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3759. Zuddas A, Di Martino A, Mugli
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Appendix F. Approach to Categorizin
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APPENDIX G. Discussion of Recent Sy
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one a casein free regime. Diets wer
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outcome data as Type 6, defined as
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Yes—no disclosures to make G7 Bai
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Table G1. Characteristics of recent
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Random assignment Appropriate compa
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Study Group design Random assignmen
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APPENDIX I. Applicability Summary T
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Social skills (continued) Domain De
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