Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

lupiter Dianus 327
at Rome (pi. xx)', which he took to be a representation of Zeus
in his celestial and chthonian characters, the former mild, the latter
stern. Braun was followed by J. Overbeck-. But E. Gerhard, when
confronted with the head, failed to detect any such distinction^.
And K. F. Hermann^ P. W. Forchhammer^ K. O. Muller«, W. H.
Roscher'', were all inclined to think that the sculptor meant to
portray, not a Janiform Zeus, but lanus him-
self. However, Braun was able to support
his contention by quoting from P. Pedrusi
(fig. 215)* a silver coin of Geta, struck in
21 1 A.D., which certainly shows a beardless(?)^
two-faced god— presumably Iupiter^°—holding
a thunderbolt in his left hand and a reversed
spear in his right. Forchhammer observed
that the attributes are those of lupiter Con-
'^' ^^^'
servator, and suggested that this god was fused with lanus Con-
servator in a unique numismatic type commemorating the double
rule of Geta and Caracalla". I should explain the type somewhat
•' E. Braun Antike Marmorwerke zum ersten Male bekanitt geinacht Erste und zweite
Decade Leipzig 1843 P- 4 "o- 3 P^- 3^ '^''^^ P^- 3^ (combined in my pi. xx). The double
head is about life-size and broken off at the neck. We cannot therefore be sure whether
it came from a statue or from a herm. In the Palazzo Spada it is set on an ancient, but
single, herm, which does not belong to it. Both noses are damaged, and restored in the
drawing.
- Overbeck Gr. Ktiiistmyih. Zeus p. 91 f. Matz—Duhn Ant. Bildw. in Rom i. 9 no. 32
remark that, of the two faces, the one here figured on the right is more like Zeus, the one
here figured on the left more like Poseidon.
^ See E. Braun op. cit. p. 4. E. Gerhard in the Arch. Zeit. 1850 viii. 137 n. 6 is non-
committal.
* K. F. Hermann in the Gott. gel. Anz. 1844 i. 335.
' P. W. Forchhammer in the Zeitschrift fiir die Alterthums'ivissenschaft 1844 ii.
1074— 1077.
" K. O. Miiller Handbttch der Archaeologie der Kiinst'^ Stuttgart 1878 p. 669 § 407 n. 2.
^ W. H. Roscher in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 50 f.
^ P. Pedrusi / Cesari in argenlo da Adriano sino a' Caracalla, e Geta Raccolti nel
Farnese t/tiiseo E pubblicati colle loro congrtie Interpj-etazioni Parma 1703 iii. 365—367
pi. 24 no. 16 fig. ( = my fig. 215).
" E. Braun op. cit. inset on pi. ^= Class. Rev. 1904 xviii. 367 fig. 2 shows apparently
a beardless + a bearded face, but is a very inexact reproduction of Pediusi's figure.
'" P. Pedrusi loc. cit. interprets the type as a two-faced lanus regarding at once the
past and the future. Cohen Monn. e/iip. roni.^ iv. 274 no. 197 says : 'Janus? ou Jupiter
a double tete ' etc. J.
Khell Ad numismata imperatoriim Romatioriim aurea e/ aigentea
a Vaillantio edita, a CI. Baldinio aitcta ex solius Attstricz titrittsqiie. Usque aliquibtis
Museis Subplementttm a Julio Caes. ad Comnenos se porrigens Vindobonse 1767 p. 131,
describing a similar piece (Cohen op. cit.'- iv. 274 n. i), has :
' Juppiter seminudus stans d.
hastam prcepilatam inversam, s. fulmen.' See also Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 276.
1' P. W. Forchhammer loc. cit. A silver coin of Perlinax, with reverse of lanus halfdraped
standing, spear in right hand, is inscribed lANO CONSERVAt (Rasche Lex. Num.
iv. 505 f., 512, Suppl. iii. 70, Cohen Monn. emp. romr' iii. 392 no. 17).