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and the trident of Poseidon 789 as the lotos is concerned, no more cause to connect the trident with the sceptre than to connect it with the thunderbolt. In 1898 O. Gilbert, undeterred by an emphatic protest on the be part of C. Robert^ announced that Poseidon's trident ' must essentially identical with the lightning-.' He pointed out that the Iliad describes Poseidon as Holding in his stout hand a dread long-edged Sword like the lightning^ and that the mark of Poseidon's trident to be seen on the Akropolis at Athens^ is comparable with the elysia or enelysia caused by the lightning of Zeus*. H. Usener in 1905 likewise declared for the ' original identity of the Poseidonian trident with the thunderbolt".' He too quoted the lines from the Iliad and laid stress on the resem- blance of the hypaethralUrident-mark at Athens to the hypaethral^ bidental or lightning-monument of the Romans. Lastly he stated, on the authority of G. Loeschcke, that the weapon of Zeus is sometimes tridentiform ^ Similar views were expressed in 1907 by the mythologist E. H. Meyer ^^ and in 1909 by the historian E. Meyer". 1 Preller—Robert Gr. Myth. \. 570. - Gilbert Gr. Gbtterl. p. 170. ^ //. 14. 384 fif. r)pxe 5' &pa (f
790 The thunderbolt of Zeus In 191 1 C. Blinkenbergi devoted a chapter to the subject and concluded that Poseidon's trident 'is an adaptation of the Hittite and Babylonian thunderweapon^' which entered Greece shortly after the Mycenaean age, that it was soon supplanted by the double form Fig. 753. brought in from Assyria, and that it was therefore interpreted afresh as a fishing spear. He further draws attention to the iron tridents worshipped along with stone axes ('thunderstones') by the pariahs of southern India (fig. 753)^ and compares them with the trisula or trident of Civa, the post-Vedic successor of the Vedic triigt er {sc. Zeus Osogo) den Dreizack, vielleicbt erst uiiter griechischem Einfluss—oder ist etwa der Dreizack des Poseidon als sein Attribut nur aus dem Blitz umgedeutet? '). 1 C. Blinkenberg The Thunderweapon in Religion and Folklore Cambridge 191 PP- 50—57- 2 Id. ib. p. 55, cp. ib. p. 57 : ' Briefly, then, the development was as follows :—from the old Babylonian representation of the lightning, i.e. two or three zigzag lines repre- senting flames, a tripartite thunderweapon was evolved and was carried east and west from that ancient seat of civilization. Together with the axe (in western Asia Minor the double- edged and towards the centre of Asia the single-edged axe) it became a regular attribute of the Asiatic thundergods. The extreme limits of its extension are India in the east and Greece in the west. The Indian trisula and the Greek triaina are both its descendants.' ^ Id. ib. p. 8 ff. figs. I, 2 ( = my fig. 753), 3, p. 55 f. The figure here reproduced shows an ' earth-temple ' in a pariah quarter belonging to the village of Agravaram near Vellore. Dr Blinkenberg says : ' The actual altar is 2| feet high, its surface 75 x 9^ feet. On the altar are seen seven thunderstones... The trisula owes its white colour to the remains of
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'^ff' ]"W, ':'.'} :'.' !:; ii;:i;;l
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ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION VO
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V ^ ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGIO
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viii Preface worth putting into a b
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X Preface willing to devote themsel
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xii Preface Prof. R. C. Bosanquet,
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xiv Preface illustration of Volume
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XVI Contents iv. Zeus and Dionysos
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XVlll Contents PART II Appendix A.
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XX List of Plates to face PLATE pag
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ABBREVIATIONS This List of Abbrevia
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Abbreviations xxv and Lesbos 1894 b
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Abbreviations xxix i (Alpes Maritim
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Abbreviations xxxi Antiken Bildiver
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Abbreviations xxxiii Inscr. Gr. Del
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Abbreviations xxxv L. Meyer //andd.
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Abbreviations xxxvii iii Die Bildwe
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Abbreviations xxxix i^xi (Tomi i—
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Abbreviations xli Sitzzifigsber. d.
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Abbreviations xliii Welcker Gr. Goi
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2 Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, e
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4 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Peo
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6 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Mag
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8 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' reg
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I o The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' p
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12 Zeus Keraunos zoistic stage was
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i^. Zeus Kataibdtes a learned treat
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes Som
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes mem
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20 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes th
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22 The Zeus-struck man in Elysium w
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24 Death by lightning as euthanasia
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;eum : Zeus in pursuit of Semele. S
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 25
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 27
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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» Zoroastres 33 of the Rufinian mo
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Zoroastres 3 5 statement in a somew
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The Elysian Way 37 Again, in an equ
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The Elysian Way 39 There is a road
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The Elysian Way 41 ignored by them
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The Elysian Way 43 Way'. Again, Emp
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The Sky-Pillar in Italy 45 facilita
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Irminsul 51 (in Marti TJiingso^
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The Irminsul 53 the sign and symbol
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The Irmi7tsul 55 witness to the ter
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lupiter-Columns 57 vehicle of the s
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lupiter-Columns 59 Seasons, the qua
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lupiter-Columns 6i children with a
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lupiter-Coiumns 63 with his club is
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lupiter-Columns 65 Minerva is Holda
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lupiter-Columns 67 This hypothesis,
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lupiter-Columns 69 possibly it symb
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lupiter-Columns 71 occupied either
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n M Fig- 31- lupiter-Columns 73 Fig
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lupiter-Columns 75 barbaric head an
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The Jupiter-Column of Saverne. Plat
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78 lupiter-Columns spokes as he rea
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8o lupiter-Columns sometimes has as
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82 lupiter-Columns So far, then, we
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84 lupiter-Columns is preceded by a
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86 lupiter-Columns a flash of light
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8 8 lupiter-Columns PreserverV in a
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90 lupiter-Columns ascending order
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92 lupiter-Columns {le Bourg d'Angs
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The Column of Mayence 93 oak at Rem
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The Column of Mayence 95 and Minerv
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The Column of Mayence 97 lower drum
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The Column of Mayence 99 Verticordi
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Commemorative Columns lOI Antoninus
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Commemorative Columns 103 '9' 7 PP-
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Commemorative Columns 105 recognise
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Commemorative Columns 107 of decora
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The Trophy 109 And pillars lopped t
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The Trophy III that of La Turbie ne
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The Trophy 113 IViss. Phil. -hist.
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and the Soul-Ladder 115 blaze or sh
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and the Soul-Ladder 117 Dec. 13), t
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and the Soul-Ladder 119 be itself o
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and the Soul-Ladder 121 — How, ex
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Amphora from Capua, now in the Brit
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and the Soul-Ladder 123 de PArt vi.
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Plate VI Polychrome hydria from Kyr
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and the Soul-Ladder 125 In support
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and the Soul-Ladder 127 Such belief
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and the Soul-Ladder 129 and corresp
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and the Soul-Ladder 131 sLimably ve
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and the Soul-Ladder 133 Now \}[\dX
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and the Soul-Ladder 135 Ladder of P
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and the Soul-Ladder 137 Ladder of t
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a. c o • I— _> C/3 ca J3 Si !-i
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140 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia abid
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142 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia stan
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144 Diana-Pillars vase, complete th
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146 Diana-Pillars Steps give access
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148 Diana-Pillars broad ribands. Ra
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I50 Diana-Pillars disk, from which
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152 Diana-Pillars Fig. 92. kais. de
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154 Diana-Pillars bronze shrines fr
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156 vL ^*w ^ 05 JiZ. < — L < Dian
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158 Diana-Pillars pillar : the pend
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i6o Agyieus-ViW'Sir^ tionof the sam
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1 6 2 y4gjieus-Vi\\3.rs in lllyria,
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1 64 Agyieus-V\\\2ixs fact, the tit
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1 66 0?npha/6s and Pillar dence tha
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i68 Omphalos and Pillar have been w
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lyo The Delphic Omphalos which cert
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172 The Delphic Omphalos Fig. 118.
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174 The Delphic Omphalos well have
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Three views of the inscribed omphal
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176 The Delphic Omphalds the earth-
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178 The Delphic Omphalos who are kn
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i8o The Delphic Omphalos in all pro
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l82 The Delphic Omphalos of honour
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The Delphic O^nphalos 183 and sundr
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The Delphic Omphalos 185 fillets an
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 187 at the co
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 189 were two,
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The Delphic Omphalos 191 aetiology
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Plate XI (a) Altar as represented o
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194 The Delphic Tripod Fig. 134.
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196 The Delphic Tripod lebes restin
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198 The Delphic Tripod 'The tripod
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The Cliigi base at Dresden, represe
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200 The Delphic Tripod Pythian vict
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202 The Delphic Tripod art-type tra
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204 The Delphic Tripod ApoUon in th
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2o6 The Delphic Tripod is finely co
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2o8 The Pythia as Bride of Apollon
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210 The Pythia and the phetic pries
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Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, C
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Caldron of Apotlleosis 213 that the
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Caldron of Apotheosis 215 Euripides
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Caldron of Apotheosis 217 Ephoros,
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Caldron of Apotheosis 219 Other wri
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 221 do
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 223 te
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 225 wi
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Pythagoras as ApoUon reborn 227 Sal
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 229 in
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Zeus at Delphoi 231 from Knossos^ a
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Dionysos at Delphoi 233 commemorate
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Dionysos at Delphoi 235 the same pr
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Dionysos at Delphoi 237 J. Loth in
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Dionysos at Delphoi 239 I have, how
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Dionysos at Delphoi 241 Clement of
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Dionysos displaced by Apollon 243 t
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at Delphoi ' 245 in the second Hami
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at Delphoi 247 124, 254 n.*, J. L.
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'^ at Delphoi 249 Plout. de fnus. 1
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at Delphoi 251 Daldeia in Lyclia',
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at Delphoi 253 mood\ And like enoug
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at Delphoi 255 oratory traditionall
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at Delphoi 257 the griffin which sh
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X 0) +-'
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26o Dionysos displaced by Apollon A
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262 Dionysos displaced by Apollon a
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X +-> Q.
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264 Dionysos displaced by Apollon T
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2 66 The stratification of Delphic
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268 Zeus and Dionysos which probabl
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270 Zeus and Dionysos pellatives: h
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272 p. Kretschmer's hypothesis the
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2 74 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's h
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276 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's hy
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278 Dios and Dios Nysos monly end w
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2 8o Dios and Dios Nysos De'os or D
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282 Dios and Dios Nysos compared wi
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Dios and Dios Nysos 283 two, and th
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 285 with Zeus P
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Dios and Dios Nysos 287 eastern sid
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fw^/'/^v^^/ ' /y/v^/^y^/A'/iw^^^ Dt
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 291 hand with t
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Papas and Attis 293 sobriquet stric
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The Mother-goddess and h^v pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and her pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and hcv pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and h.^v pdredro
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi
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The Kdbeiroi or Megalot Theoi 313 p
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The Kdbeiroi or Megdloi Theoi 315 k
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Zeus Didymatos 317 the former influ
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 319 p. D.
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 321 first
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The Celtic Janiform god 323 (8) The
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The Celtic Janiform god 325 Noricum
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X JS Q. •C c« CO O CO 9 e c4 U3
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328 lupiter and lanus in the Salian
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3 30 lupiter and lanus in the Salia
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332 lanus and lupiter on coins
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334 lanus and lupiter on coins Fig.
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336 lanus an older lupiter yawning
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338 lanus an older lupiter His titl
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340 Zan an older Zeus lanus, theref
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342 Zan an older Zeus anecd. Paris,
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344 ^^^ ^^ older Zeus A. F. Pott (1
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34^ Zan an older Zeus But why must
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348 Zan an older Zeus ' over agains
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350 Zan an older Zeus The same may
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352 Zan an older Zeus detects yet a
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354 lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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360 The Triumphal Arch had its sepa
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362 The goddess under the Arch (fx)
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364 Tigillum Sororium and lupiter T
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366 The god under the Arch the Foru
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368 lanus bifrontal on coins c. 92
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370 lanus bifrontal on coins series
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372 lanus bifrontal on coins Season
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374 lanus bifrontal in ritual the m
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37^ lanus bifrontal in ritual verse
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37^ The significance of lanus' doub
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380 The significance of lanus' doub
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386 The Sky-god's hat parison with
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388 The differentiation of associat
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390 The differentiation of Thoukydi
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the Sky-god's faces 391 and the typ
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M ns.)nif/A .VA^ Plate XXII
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. t ,.4^^/rfi^ ..,.//7r-.,.j//y,/^^
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Virbius as Dianus 393 probably brou
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Virbius as Dianus 395 things which
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Virbius as Dianus 397 hist. 25. 105
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Virbius as Dianus 399 older head is
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Diana and the Oak 401 Vicus Cuprius
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Diana and the Oak 403 change from o
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Artemis and the Oak 405 scape-relie
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Artemis and the Oak 407 the thymiat
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Artemis and the Oak 409 on leading
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Artemis and the Oak 411 much weight
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Artemis and the Oak 413 Troizen, st
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Artemis and the Oak 415 legend with
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Diana's tree at Nemi 417 introduces
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Diana's tree at Nemi 419 woodland k
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Diana's tree at Nemi 421 a priest o
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The supports of the Sky personified
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Page 546:
Plate XXIV Etruscan mirror: the Dio
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434 Twins as Children of the Sky Fi
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43 6 Kastor and Polydeukes conventi
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438 Kastor and Polydeukes after thi
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440 Romulus and Remus have us belie
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442 Romulus and Remus the type is c
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444 Zetes and Kalais princely twins
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446 Herakles and Iphikles was dispo
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44 The effeminate Twin Zeus^, or th
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45 The effeminate Twin before he pa
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452 Apollon and Artemis Iphiklos^ c
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454 ApoUon and Artemis
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45^ Apollon and Artemis his ancient
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45 8 Apollon and Artemis light of t
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460 Apollon and Artemis The Delphia
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Apollon and Artemis 461 p. Hartwig
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• Apollon and Artemis 463 The cop
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ApoUon and Artemis 465 other allusi
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ApoUon and Artemis 467 Iphitos, mak
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Apollon and Artemis 469 her days an
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Apollon and Artemis 471 names deriv
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Apollon and Artemis 473 earliest ex
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Apollon and Artemis 475 who with bi
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Apollon and Artemis • possibiliti
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ApoUon and Artemis 479 On the left
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Apollon and Artemis 481 it is permi
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Apollon and Artemis 483 190 And the
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Apollon and Artemis 485 deity assoc
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Apollon and Artemis 487 from the ne
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Apollon and Artemis 489 a liyper-Do
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Apollon and Artemis 491 are an amph
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Apollon and Artemis 493 his argumen
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Apollon and Artemis 495 Boreas,' th
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Apollon and Artemis 497 sometimes a
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55' Stf W iS' X. ?s '^ "^ e HY I y
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Apollon and Artemis 499 explained a
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Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
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Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
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Lightning as a weapon 505 is the so
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Lightning as a weapon 507 earlier,
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Lightning as a weapon 509 informati
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Lightning as a weapon 511 found in
Page 633 and 634:
The double axe in 'Minoan' cult 513
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The double axe in mid air 515 benea
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vH -^1 ;^^ The painted limestone sa
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5i8 The double axe in relation trun
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520 The double axe in relation bord
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52 2 The double axe in relation Cer
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524 The double axe in relation if t
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526 The double axe in relation A su
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528 The double axe in relation a fi
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53^ The double axe in relation Simi
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532 The double axe in relation prec
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534 The double axe in relation to h
Page 659 and 660:
53^ The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
544 The deity of the double axe ena
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54^ The deity of the double axe sen
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54^ The deity of the double axe pow
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SS^ The deity of the double axe in
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' Antiochus 552 The deity of the do
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554 The deity of the double axe cul
Page 679 and 680:
55^ The deity of the double axe fra
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558 The deity of the double axe if
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560 The double axe and Zeus JLabrdy
Page 685 and 686:
562 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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Page 689 and 690:
Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
570 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdyn
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Page 699 and 700:
57^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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57^ The double axe and Zeus luabrdy
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Page 705 and 706:
582 The double axe and Zeus L,abrdy
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Page 709 and 710:
586 The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdy
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588 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdy?
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Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
594 The double axe and Zeus Labrdy7
Page 719:
59^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdyndos
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The double axe and Zeus Lai?rdyncio
Page 726 and 727:
The double axe and the labarum 60 f
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The double axe and the labarum 603
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Page 732 and 733:
The double axe and the labaru?n 607
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Page 736 and 737:
The double axe and the labarum 6 1
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Page 740 and 741:
Zeus in the East 615 from Kameiros
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The double axe in the West 617 othe
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The double axe in the West 619 Not
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The axe carried by priests and prie
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Page 750 and 751:
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The decoration of the double axe 63
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The duplication of the double axe 6
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The double axes of Tenedos 655 attr
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The double axes of Tenedos 657 Gree
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The double axes of Tenedos 659 dian
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The double axes of Tenedos 66i repr
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' Minoan ' The double axes of Tened
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The double axes of Tenedos 665 addi
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The double axes of Tenedos 667 affi
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The double axes of Tenedos 669 ' Ky
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The double axes of Tenedos 671 fath
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The double axes of Tenedos 673 (bet
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The double axes of Tenedos 675 comb
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The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
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The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
Page 806 and 807:
sacred tree at Rhegion 68i image in
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The axes and the sacred oaks at Dot
Page 810 and 811:
Axe-blades and axe-hafts in megalit
Page 812 and 813:
megalithic art of western Europe 68
Page 814 and 815:
megalithic art of western Europe 68
Page 816 and 817:
The axes of Penelope 691 The name P
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The axes of Penelope 693 of Thrace,
Page 820 and 821:
The axes of Penelope 695 whole stor
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The axes of Penelope 697 an appella
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Superstitious practices with axes 6
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Page 828 and 829:
Page 830 and 831:
The spear of Zeus 705 Nonnos in the
Page 832 and 833:
The spear of Zeus 707 Zeus Areios i
Page 835 and 836:
Plate XXIX Etruscan mirror: the bir
Page 837 and 838:
yio The spear of Zeus head of Zeus
Page 839 and 840:
712 The sword of Zeus lupiter, gras
Page 842 and 843:
The sword of Zeus 713 and that the
Page 844 and 845:
The sword of Zeus 715 father of the
Page 846 and 847:
The sword of Zeus 717 A terra-cotta
Page 848 and 849:
The sword of Zeus 719 presence of A
Page 850 and 851:
The sword of Zeus 721 phon^), who f
Page 852 and 853:
Gradual elimination of the thunderb
Page 854 and 855:
Page 856 and 857:
I or Gradual elimination of the thu
Page 858 and 859:
Page 860 and 861:
Page 862 and 863:
Page 864 and 865:
Page 866 and 867:
Page 868 and 869:
Page 870 and 871:
Page 872 and 873:
Page 874 and 875:
Page 876:
Bronze statuette of Zeus in the Uff
Page 880 and 881: Gradual elimination of the thunderb
Page 890: Plate XXXIV Bronze statuette found
Page 893: 75 8 Gradual elimination of the thu
Page 902 and 903: of the thunderbolt 765 earlier, app
Page 904 and 905: of the thunderbolt 767 or straighti
Page 906 and 907: of the thunderbolt 769 {c. 700 B.C.
Page 908 and 909: of the thunderbolt 771 early kylix
Page 910 and 911: of the thunderbolt 773 springeth up
Page 912 and 913: of the thunderbolt 775 Friend Flowe
Page 914 and 915: of the thunderbolt 777 were soon tr
Page 916 and 917: of the thunderbolt 779 And H. Usene
Page 918: :^.'^-- f- - j-i' '
Page 921 and 922: .782 Modifications in the shape ten
Page 923 and 924: 784 Modifications in the shape conq
Page 925 and 926: 786 The thunderbolt of Zeus (7) The
Page 927: 788 The thunderbolt of Zeus suscept
Page 931 and 932: 792 The thunderbolt of Zeus point a
Page 933 and 934: 794 The thunderbolt of Zeus version
Page 935 and 936: 796 The thunderbolt of Zeus Differe
Page 937 and 938: 798 The thunderbolt of Zeus Byzanti
Page 939 and 940: 8oo The thunderbolt of Zeus But nei
Page 941 and 942: 8o2 The thunderbolt of Zeus other p
Page 943 and 944: 8o4 The thunderbolt of Zeus wuBJurw
Page 945 and 946: 8o6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios fo
Page 947 and 948: 8o8 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios ri
Page 949 and 950: 8io Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios Wi
Page 951 and 952: 8 12 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Kerawiios t
Page 953 and 954: 8 14 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios a
Page 955 and 956: 8i6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraiinios h
Page 957 and 958: 8i8 Zeus Zbelsourdos his name and n
Page 959 and 960: 820 Zeus Zbelsourdos shows the same
Page 961 and 962: 822 Zeus Zbelsourdos increase our k
Page 963 and 964: 824. The whip of Zeus This leaves t
Page 965 and 966: 826 The whip of Zeus forgotten by p
Page 967 and 968: 828 Thunder as a sound independent
Page 969: 830 Thunder as a sound (c) Thunder
Page 972 and 973: caused bv the Chariot of Zeus 831 a
Page 974 and 975: Zeus Bro7itatoSy Brontbn^ Brontesio
Page 976 and 977: Zeus Brontaios^ Brontm^ Brojttesios
Page 978 and 979:
Zeus Brontaios^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
Page 980 and 981:
Zeus Brontatos^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
Page 982 and 983:
Retrospect 841 Further consideratio
Page 984 and 985:
Retrospect 843 over with oak-leaves
Page 986 and 987:
Retrospect 845 was seen falling fro
Page 988 and 989:
Retrospect 847 Further examples of
Page 990 and 991:
Hdrkios, ' God Retrospect 849 of Oa
Page 992 and 993:
Retrospect 851 emperors^ Coins of D
Page 995:
The main design on a krater from Ca
Page 998 and 999:
854 Retrospect On the left are Arte
Page 1000 and 1001:
856 Retrospect (Tol St) Tra
Page 1002 and 1003:
858 Retrospect iir aWore S' dWa (pe
Page 1010 and 1011:
tm ' ^- nr 2_ %^f ^HP^ JUL JUL a Xt
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Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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