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Apollon and Artemis 489 a liyper-Dorism for ix^Xa (E. Boisacq Les dialectes doriens Paris—Liege 1891 p. 47 n. i), it is far more probable that Ma\o(/)6pos means ' Apple-bearing,' and that we should interpret in this sense Kallim. h. Dem. 138 0^p/3e /36a 5 •
-N 490 Apollon and Artemis A very similar story is connected with Siris in Lucania. Herakles, when driving the cattle of Geryon, saw Kalchas—not the son of Thestor mentioned above, l)ut a seer of the same name—sitting under a wild fig-tree, and asked him how many figs were on the tree. Kalchas replied: 'Ten bushels, and one fig over, which you cannot get into them.' Herakles proceeded to measure the figs and, despite all his efforts, failed to get in the extra one. Kalchas laughed at him. Thereupon Herakles with a blow of his fist slew the seer, and buried him beside the fig-tree (schol. Lyk. A/. 978 and 980 : allusions in ff., 1047 with Tzetz. ad locc). Since Siris was colonised from Kolophon Lyk. A/. 978 Oehler in Pauly— Wissowa Rcal-Enc. i. 2833 f.), it is likely enough that the Colopho- (J. nian account of Kalchas' contest was brought over to Siris, and there perhaps attached to the Daunian king Kalchos (Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 923 f.). These stories are of deep interest as implying a contest a outrance for the position of priestly king. They are, in fact, the attenuated Greek equivalent of the contest at Nemi cp. e.g. the language of Tzetz. in Lyk. Al. 1047 'A/U^'Xoxos 5^ ko-to. Twa% avvatpeiTai. tQ Mdipq} ToijTij} irepl ttJs apxv^ ttjs fiai/TiKrjs /xovo/jLaxriaai. It is indeed probable that the apple-tree at Gryneia and the wild fig-tree at Kolophon were sacred trees, like that of Diana Nemo7-e7isis. If so, it may be maintained that Apollon Vp\jviio% was specially connected with apples. (5) Apples were given as prizes at the Pythian games (Max. Tyr. diss. 5. 8 Diibner ^0\vfx.irLdaL fxiv Kal IluOol ovk Ivecm k6tivov Xa^eiv, ovde ixrjXujv rvxeii', avrbv ecp' eavroS Koviadfievov, dXXa dvTaydjvKXTQv 5el rep KTjpvyfiari, 7. 4 Diibner fxeracrxf^v fj.r] kotlvov fxbvuv Fig- 372. Fig. 375- 0\vp.ir(.a(TLv, dWa Kal ttitvos 'IcrdfiiKfis, Kal aeXivov 'ApyoXtKov, Kai ij.rj\uiv JIvOikSiv, Anth. Pal. 9. 357 {adijspoton: ^Apxi-ov Plan.) recrcrapes eiaiv dywvei av' 'EXXaSa, reaaape^ Ipoi, | ol Svo fj,(v OvrjTwv, ol 8O0 5' dda.va.TWv, | Zijj'is, X-qroWao, IlaXaijtioi'os, '' Apx^f-bpoLO ' \ d0\a 5^ Tu)v KOTivos, lU^Xa, (T^Xiva, in'Ti;s = Auson. eel. 20 (p. 103 Peiper) quattuor antiques cele- bravit Achaia ludos. | Palaemonis Archemorique, | caelicolum duo sunt et duo festa hominum. | serta sacra lovis Phoebique, quibus pinus, malus, oliva, apium. Cp. Phlegon /rag. I cited supra p. 466 n. 11), and are represented in connection with them on imperial coppers of Delphoi {Brit. M'us. Cat. Coitts Central Greece p. 30 pi. 4, 23 and 24 (=my fig. 372) obv.. 0eA4> AYCTeiNA Bust of Faustina Senior to right; rev. TTV 01 A Agonistic table, on which are a crow, five apples, and a bay-wreath. Fig. 373, from a specimen in my collection, is similar, except that it shows a vase also on the table. Cp. J. N. Svoronos in the Bidl. Corr. Hell. 1896 xx. 46 ff. pi. 30, i— 8, where the apples are wrongly described as
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'^ff' ]"W, ':'.'} :'.' !:; ii;:i;;l
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ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION VO
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V ^ ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGIO
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viii Preface worth putting into a b
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X Preface willing to devote themsel
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xii Preface Prof. R. C. Bosanquet,
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xiv Preface illustration of Volume
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XVI Contents iv. Zeus and Dionysos
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XVlll Contents PART II Appendix A.
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XX List of Plates to face PLATE pag
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ABBREVIATIONS This List of Abbrevia
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Abbreviations xxv and Lesbos 1894 b
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Abbreviations xxix i (Alpes Maritim
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Abbreviations xxxi Antiken Bildiver
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Abbreviations xxxiii Inscr. Gr. Del
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Abbreviations xxxv L. Meyer //andd.
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Abbreviations xxxvii iii Die Bildwe
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Abbreviations xxxix i^xi (Tomi i—
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Abbreviations xli Sitzzifigsber. d.
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Abbreviations xliii Welcker Gr. Goi
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2 Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, e
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4 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Peo
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6 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Mag
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8 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' reg
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I o The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' p
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12 Zeus Keraunos zoistic stage was
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i^. Zeus Kataibdtes a learned treat
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes Som
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes mem
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20 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes th
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22 The Zeus-struck man in Elysium w
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24 Death by lightning as euthanasia
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;eum : Zeus in pursuit of Semele. S
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 25
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 27
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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» Zoroastres 33 of the Rufinian mo
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Zoroastres 3 5 statement in a somew
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The Elysian Way 37 Again, in an equ
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The Elysian Way 39 There is a road
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The Elysian Way 41 ignored by them
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The Elysian Way 43 Way'. Again, Emp
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The Sky-Pillar in Italy 45 facilita
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Irminsul 51 (in Marti TJiingso^
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The Irminsul 53 the sign and symbol
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The Irmi7tsul 55 witness to the ter
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lupiter-Columns 57 vehicle of the s
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lupiter-Columns 59 Seasons, the qua
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lupiter-Columns 6i children with a
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lupiter-Coiumns 63 with his club is
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lupiter-Columns 65 Minerva is Holda
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lupiter-Columns 67 This hypothesis,
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lupiter-Columns 69 possibly it symb
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lupiter-Columns 71 occupied either
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n M Fig- 31- lupiter-Columns 73 Fig
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lupiter-Columns 75 barbaric head an
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The Jupiter-Column of Saverne. Plat
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78 lupiter-Columns spokes as he rea
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8o lupiter-Columns sometimes has as
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82 lupiter-Columns So far, then, we
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84 lupiter-Columns is preceded by a
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86 lupiter-Columns a flash of light
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8 8 lupiter-Columns PreserverV in a
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90 lupiter-Columns ascending order
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92 lupiter-Columns {le Bourg d'Angs
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The Column of Mayence 93 oak at Rem
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The Column of Mayence 95 and Minerv
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The Column of Mayence 97 lower drum
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The Column of Mayence 99 Verticordi
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Commemorative Columns lOI Antoninus
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Commemorative Columns 103 '9' 7 PP-
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Commemorative Columns 105 recognise
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Commemorative Columns 107 of decora
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The Trophy 109 And pillars lopped t
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The Trophy III that of La Turbie ne
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The Trophy 113 IViss. Phil. -hist.
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and the Soul-Ladder 115 blaze or sh
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and the Soul-Ladder 117 Dec. 13), t
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and the Soul-Ladder 119 be itself o
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and the Soul-Ladder 121 — How, ex
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Amphora from Capua, now in the Brit
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and the Soul-Ladder 123 de PArt vi.
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Plate VI Polychrome hydria from Kyr
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and the Soul-Ladder 125 In support
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and the Soul-Ladder 127 Such belief
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and the Soul-Ladder 129 and corresp
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and the Soul-Ladder 131 sLimably ve
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and the Soul-Ladder 133 Now \}[\dX
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and the Soul-Ladder 135 Ladder of P
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and the Soul-Ladder 137 Ladder of t
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a. c o • I— _> C/3 ca J3 Si !-i
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140 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia abid
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142 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia stan
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144 Diana-Pillars vase, complete th
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146 Diana-Pillars Steps give access
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148 Diana-Pillars broad ribands. Ra
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I50 Diana-Pillars disk, from which
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152 Diana-Pillars Fig. 92. kais. de
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154 Diana-Pillars bronze shrines fr
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156 vL ^*w ^ 05 JiZ. < — L < Dian
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158 Diana-Pillars pillar : the pend
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i6o Agyieus-ViW'Sir^ tionof the sam
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1 6 2 y4gjieus-Vi\\3.rs in lllyria,
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1 64 Agyieus-V\\\2ixs fact, the tit
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1 66 0?npha/6s and Pillar dence tha
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i68 Omphalos and Pillar have been w
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lyo The Delphic Omphalos which cert
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172 The Delphic Omphalos Fig. 118.
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174 The Delphic Omphalos well have
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Three views of the inscribed omphal
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176 The Delphic Omphalds the earth-
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178 The Delphic Omphalos who are kn
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i8o The Delphic Omphalos in all pro
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l82 The Delphic Omphalos of honour
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The Delphic O^nphalos 183 and sundr
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The Delphic Omphalos 185 fillets an
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 187 at the co
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 189 were two,
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The Delphic Omphalos 191 aetiology
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Plate XI (a) Altar as represented o
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194 The Delphic Tripod Fig. 134.
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196 The Delphic Tripod lebes restin
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198 The Delphic Tripod 'The tripod
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The Cliigi base at Dresden, represe
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200 The Delphic Tripod Pythian vict
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202 The Delphic Tripod art-type tra
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204 The Delphic Tripod ApoUon in th
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2o6 The Delphic Tripod is finely co
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2o8 The Pythia as Bride of Apollon
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210 The Pythia and the phetic pries
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Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, C
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Caldron of Apotlleosis 213 that the
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Caldron of Apotheosis 215 Euripides
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Caldron of Apotheosis 217 Ephoros,
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Caldron of Apotheosis 219 Other wri
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 221 do
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 223 te
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 225 wi
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Pythagoras as ApoUon reborn 227 Sal
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 229 in
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Zeus at Delphoi 231 from Knossos^ a
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Dionysos at Delphoi 233 commemorate
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Dionysos at Delphoi 235 the same pr
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Dionysos at Delphoi 237 J. Loth in
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Dionysos at Delphoi 239 I have, how
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Dionysos at Delphoi 241 Clement of
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Dionysos displaced by Apollon 243 t
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at Delphoi ' 245 in the second Hami
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at Delphoi 247 124, 254 n.*, J. L.
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'^ at Delphoi 249 Plout. de fnus. 1
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at Delphoi 251 Daldeia in Lyclia',
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at Delphoi 253 mood\ And like enoug
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at Delphoi 255 oratory traditionall
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at Delphoi 257 the griffin which sh
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X 0) +-'
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26o Dionysos displaced by Apollon A
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262 Dionysos displaced by Apollon a
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X +-> Q.
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264 Dionysos displaced by Apollon T
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2 66 The stratification of Delphic
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268 Zeus and Dionysos which probabl
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270 Zeus and Dionysos pellatives: h
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272 p. Kretschmer's hypothesis the
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2 74 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's h
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276 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's hy
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278 Dios and Dios Nysos monly end w
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2 8o Dios and Dios Nysos De'os or D
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282 Dios and Dios Nysos compared wi
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Dios and Dios Nysos 283 two, and th
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 285 with Zeus P
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Dios and Dios Nysos 287 eastern sid
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fw^/'/^v^^/ ' /y/v^/^y^/A'/iw^^^ Dt
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 291 hand with t
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Papas and Attis 293 sobriquet stric
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The Mother-goddess and h^v pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and her pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and hcv pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and h.^v pdredro
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi
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The Kdbeiroi or Megalot Theoi 313 p
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The Kdbeiroi or Megdloi Theoi 315 k
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Zeus Didymatos 317 the former influ
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 319 p. D.
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 321 first
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The Celtic Janiform god 323 (8) The
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The Celtic Janiform god 325 Noricum
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X JS Q. •C c« CO O CO 9 e c4 U3
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328 lupiter and lanus in the Salian
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3 30 lupiter and lanus in the Salia
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332 lanus and lupiter on coins
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334 lanus and lupiter on coins Fig.
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336 lanus an older lupiter yawning
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338 lanus an older lupiter His titl
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340 Zan an older Zeus lanus, theref
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342 Zan an older Zeus anecd. Paris,
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344 ^^^ ^^ older Zeus A. F. Pott (1
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34^ Zan an older Zeus But why must
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348 Zan an older Zeus ' over agains
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350 Zan an older Zeus The same may
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352 Zan an older Zeus detects yet a
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354 lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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360 The Triumphal Arch had its sepa
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362 The goddess under the Arch (fx)
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364 Tigillum Sororium and lupiter T
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366 The god under the Arch the Foru
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368 lanus bifrontal on coins c. 92
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370 lanus bifrontal on coins series
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372 lanus bifrontal on coins Season
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374 lanus bifrontal in ritual the m
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37^ lanus bifrontal in ritual verse
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37^ The significance of lanus' doub
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380 The significance of lanus' doub
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386 The Sky-god's hat parison with
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388 The differentiation of associat
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390 The differentiation of Thoukydi
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the Sky-god's faces 391 and the typ
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M ns.)nif/A .VA^ Plate XXII
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. t ,.4^^/rfi^ ..,.//7r-.,.j//y,/^^
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Virbius as Dianus 393 probably brou
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Virbius as Dianus 395 things which
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Virbius as Dianus 397 hist. 25. 105
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Virbius as Dianus 399 older head is
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Diana and the Oak 401 Vicus Cuprius
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Diana and the Oak 403 change from o
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Artemis and the Oak 405 scape-relie
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Artemis and the Oak 407 the thymiat
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Artemis and the Oak 409 on leading
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Artemis and the Oak 411 much weight
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Artemis and the Oak 413 Troizen, st
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Artemis and the Oak 415 legend with
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Diana's tree at Nemi 417 introduces
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Diana's tree at Nemi 419 woodland k
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Diana's tree at Nemi 421 a priest o
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The supports of the Sky personified
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Page 546:
Plate XXIV Etruscan mirror: the Dio
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434 Twins as Children of the Sky Fi
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43 6 Kastor and Polydeukes conventi
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438 Kastor and Polydeukes after thi
Page 555 and 556: 440 Romulus and Remus have us belie
Page 557 and 558: 442 Romulus and Remus the type is c
Page 559 and 560: 444 Zetes and Kalais princely twins
Page 561 and 562: 446 Herakles and Iphikles was dispo
Page 563 and 564: 44 The effeminate Twin Zeus^, or th
Page 565 and 566: 45 The effeminate Twin before he pa
Page 567 and 568: 452 Apollon and Artemis Iphiklos^ c
Page 569 and 570: 454 ApoUon and Artemis
Page 571 and 572: 45^ Apollon and Artemis his ancient
Page 573 and 574: 45 8 Apollon and Artemis light of t
Page 575 and 576: 460 Apollon and Artemis The Delphia
Page 578 and 579: Apollon and Artemis 461 p. Hartwig
Page 580 and 581: • Apollon and Artemis 463 The cop
Page 582 and 583: ApoUon and Artemis 465 other allusi
Page 584 and 585: ApoUon and Artemis 467 Iphitos, mak
Page 586 and 587: Apollon and Artemis 469 her days an
Page 588 and 589: Apollon and Artemis 471 names deriv
Page 590 and 591: Apollon and Artemis 473 earliest ex
Page 592 and 593: Apollon and Artemis 475 who with bi
Page 594 and 595: Apollon and Artemis • possibiliti
Page 596 and 597: ApoUon and Artemis 479 On the left
Page 598 and 599: Apollon and Artemis 481 it is permi
Page 600 and 601: Apollon and Artemis 483 190 And the
Page 602 and 603: Apollon and Artemis 485 deity assoc
Page 604 and 605: Apollon and Artemis 487 from the ne
Page 608 and 609: Apollon and Artemis 491 are an amph
Page 610 and 611: Apollon and Artemis 493 his argumen
Page 612 and 613: Apollon and Artemis 495 Boreas,' th
Page 614 and 615: Apollon and Artemis 497 sometimes a
Page 616 and 617: 55' Stf W iS' X. ?s '^ "^ e HY I y
Page 619 and 620: Apollon and Artemis 499 explained a
Page 621 and 622: Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
Page 623 and 624: Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
Page 625 and 626: Lightning as a weapon 505 is the so
Page 627 and 628: Lightning as a weapon 507 earlier,
Page 629 and 630: Lightning as a weapon 509 informati
Page 631 and 632: Lightning as a weapon 511 found in
Page 633 and 634: The double axe in 'Minoan' cult 513
Page 635 and 636: The double axe in mid air 515 benea
Page 638: vH -^1 ;^^ The painted limestone sa
Page 641 and 642: 5i8 The double axe in relation trun
Page 643 and 644: 520 The double axe in relation bord
Page 645 and 646: 52 2 The double axe in relation Cer
Page 647 and 648: 524 The double axe in relation if t
Page 649 and 650: 526 The double axe in relation A su
Page 651 and 652: 528 The double axe in relation a fi
Page 653 and 654: 53^ The double axe in relation Simi
Page 655 and 656: 532 The double axe in relation prec
Page 657 and 658:
534 The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
544 The deity of the double axe ena
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54^ The deity of the double axe sen
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54^ The deity of the double axe pow
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SS^ The deity of the double axe in
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' Antiochus 552 The deity of the do
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554 The deity of the double axe cul
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55^ The deity of the double axe fra
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558 The deity of the double axe if
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560 The double axe and Zeus JLabrdy
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562 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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Page 691 and 692:
Page 693 and 694:
570 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdyn
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Page 697 and 698:
Page 699 and 700:
57^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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57^ The double axe and Zeus luabrdy
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Page 705 and 706:
582 The double axe and Zeus L,abrdy
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Page 709 and 710:
586 The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdy
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588 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdy?
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Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
594 The double axe and Zeus Labrdy7
Page 719:
59^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdyndos
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The double axe and Zeus Lai?rdyncio
Page 726 and 727:
The double axe and the labarum 60 f
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The double axe and the labarum 603
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Page 732 and 733:
The double axe and the labaru?n 607
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Page 736 and 737:
The double axe and the labarum 6 1
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Page 740 and 741:
Zeus in the East 615 from Kameiros
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The double axe in the West 617 othe
Page 744 and 745:
The double axe in the West 619 Not
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The axe carried by priests and prie
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Page 750 and 751:
Page 752 and 753:
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Page 760 and 761:
The decoration of the double axe 63
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Page 768 and 769:
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Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
Page 778 and 779:
The duplication of the double axe 6
Page 780 and 781:
The double axes of Tenedos 655 attr
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The double axes of Tenedos 657 Gree
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The double axes of Tenedos 659 dian
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The double axes of Tenedos 66i repr
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' Minoan ' The double axes of Tened
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The double axes of Tenedos 665 addi
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The double axes of Tenedos 667 affi
Page 794 and 795:
The double axes of Tenedos 669 ' Ky
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The double axes of Tenedos 671 fath
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The double axes of Tenedos 673 (bet
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The double axes of Tenedos 675 comb
Page 802 and 803:
The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
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The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
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sacred tree at Rhegion 68i image in
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The axes and the sacred oaks at Dot
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Axe-blades and axe-hafts in megalit
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megalithic art of western Europe 68
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megalithic art of western Europe 68
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The axes of Penelope 691 The name P
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The axes of Penelope 693 of Thrace,
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The axes of Penelope 695 whole stor
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The axes of Penelope 697 an appella
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Superstitious practices with axes 6
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The spear of Zeus 705 Nonnos in the
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The spear of Zeus 707 Zeus Areios i
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Plate XXIX Etruscan mirror: the bir
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yio The spear of Zeus head of Zeus
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712 The sword of Zeus lupiter, gras
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The sword of Zeus 713 and that the
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The sword of Zeus 715 father of the
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The sword of Zeus 717 A terra-cotta
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The sword of Zeus 719 presence of A
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The sword of Zeus 721 phon^), who f
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Gradual elimination of the thunderb
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I or Gradual elimination of the thu
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Bronze statuette of Zeus in the Uff
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Page 890:
Plate XXXIV Bronze statuette found
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75 8 Gradual elimination of the thu
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of the thunderbolt 765 earlier, app
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of the thunderbolt 767 or straighti
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of the thunderbolt 769 {c. 700 B.C.
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of the thunderbolt 771 early kylix
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of the thunderbolt 773 springeth up
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of the thunderbolt 775 Friend Flowe
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of the thunderbolt 777 were soon tr
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of the thunderbolt 779 And H. Usene
Page 918:
:^.'^-- f- - j-i' '
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.782 Modifications in the shape ten
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784 Modifications in the shape conq
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786 The thunderbolt of Zeus (7) The
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788 The thunderbolt of Zeus suscept
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790 The thunderbolt of Zeus In 191
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792 The thunderbolt of Zeus point a
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794 The thunderbolt of Zeus version
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796 The thunderbolt of Zeus Differe
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798 The thunderbolt of Zeus Byzanti
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8oo The thunderbolt of Zeus But nei
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8o2 The thunderbolt of Zeus other p
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8o4 The thunderbolt of Zeus wuBJurw
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8o6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios fo
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8o8 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios ri
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8io Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios Wi
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8 12 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Kerawiios t
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8 14 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios a
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8i6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraiinios h
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8i8 Zeus Zbelsourdos his name and n
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820 Zeus Zbelsourdos shows the same
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822 Zeus Zbelsourdos increase our k
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824. The whip of Zeus This leaves t
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826 The whip of Zeus forgotten by p
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828 Thunder as a sound independent
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830 Thunder as a sound (c) Thunder
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caused bv the Chariot of Zeus 831 a
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Zeus Bro7itatoSy Brontbn^ Brontesio
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Zeus Brontaios^ Brontm^ Brojttesios
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Zeus Brontaios^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
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Zeus Brontatos^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
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Retrospect 841 Further consideratio
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Retrospect 843 over with oak-leaves
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Retrospect 845 was seen falling fro
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Retrospect 847 Further examples of
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Hdrkios, ' God Retrospect 849 of Oa
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Retrospect 851 emperors^ Coins of D
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The main design on a krater from Ca
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854 Retrospect On the left are Arte
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856 Retrospect (Tol St) Tra
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858 Retrospect iir aWore S' dWa (pe
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tm ' ^- nr 2_ %^f ^HP^ JUL JUL a Xt
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Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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