Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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The sword of Zeus 713 and that the weapon brandished in his right hand appears to be a thunderbolt of unusual form. The other combatants are grouped in pairs^ Hera stabs Harpolykos(?). Athena seizes Enkelados by the crest of his helmet and swings up a short sword for the coup de grace. Poseidon, in a scaled cuirass, with a black rock (the island Nisyros) on his left shoulder and a trident in his right hand, dis- patches Polybotes. And Hermes, in petasos, pelt, and endromides, plunges a lance into Polybios. The inscriptions, according to P. Kretschmer-, suggest that the painter hailed from Keos, or possibly Naxos or Amorgos. Our business, however, is not with the subject as a whole, but with the weapon of Zeus in particular. O. Jahn^, J. Overbeck^ and M. Mayer^—three highly competent critics—all took it to be a sword. But E. Pottier"—an authority of equal eminence—described it as the thunderbolt. And P. JacobsthaP has argued in the same sense : he points out that Zeus, unlike the other swordsmen of the vase, has neither sheath nor sword-belt that the attitude of his arm implies the action of hurling, not striking ; and that the lines engraved on the bolt can be paralleled from the Etruscan mirror already discussed'*. I accept this conclusion and assume that the front half of the thunderbolt is supposed to be hidden by the swan-head crests of Zeus' helmet. We are on surer ground, though in a less Hellenic atmosphere, when we pass from the Kyklades to Karia. In the temple at Labranda near Mylasa Zeus was worshipped as Strdtios, and his ancient image had a sword slung beside it''. Here we can be ^ On this type-form see Overbeck op. cit. Zeus p. 341 ff. and H. B. Walters in the Biit. Mils. Cat. Vases ii. 9 ff. - P. Kretschmer in the Zeitschriftfur vergleichende Sprachforschung 1889— 1892 xxxi. 292 ff., id. Die Griechischen Vasejiinschriften Giitersloh 1894 pp. 59—61 ('Keische Vase'): = -E7rid\Tr7S, APPOA . P . . . . ='Ap7r6X[uKos], HE . . ="H[p7;], ^H3M S3H = 'Ep^^j, . . BIO^=n[o\^]/3tos, AGENAH='A^97''a'7, ÔAAA3HI3H='E(7)MAa5oj, . 3T08VAOn = noXu/3c6T77[s]. The same irregularity in the writing of ^-sounds is, according to Kretschmer, a feature of Cean inscriptions (but see A. Thumb Handbuch der griechischen Dialekte Heidelberg 1909 p. 346 f.). •* O. Jahn in the Ann. d. Inst. 1863 xxxv. 246 : * Overbeck Gr. Kunstmyth. Zeus p. 349 : Schwerdt.' •'' M. ' una larga spada.' Mayer Die Giganten und Titanen Berlin 1887 p. 285 : ' nicht seinen Blitz, sondern ein gewaltiges ' ein Schwert.' '* E. Pettier Vases antiques du Louvre 2""= Serie Paris 190J p. 68: 'Zeus brandit le foudre de la main droite.' " P. Jacobsthal Der Blitz in der orientalischen und griechischen Kunst Berlin 1906 p. 15 n. 2. '' Supra p. 709 ff. pi. xxix. * Ail. de not. an. 12. 30 quoted supra p. 591 n. i.
714 The sword of Zeus tolerably certain that the old sky-god with his double axe {Idbrys) has been modernised into a war-god with a handier blade^ At Stratonikeia, not twenty miles away from Mylasa, Zeus was CJirysaoreus- or Chrysaorios^. The town, indeed the whole district, had in early days been called CJirysaoris*. Its inhabitants, the Chrysaoreis^, were members of a league specially devoted to the cult of Zeus Chrysaoreiis^. There was also a Carian hero Chrysaor, ^ Supra p. 590 f. Similarly the Babylonian Zeus bore a dagger as well as a double axe for warlike purposes (Baruch 6. 15 ^x" ^^ eyxfipiSiov deî^ Kai ireXeKvi', iavrov de e/c iroXifiov Kai Xt/cttwv oûk iêXtlrai): W. H. Roscher Die Gorgonen unci Verwandtes Leipzig 1879 P- 78 n. 158. ^ Strab. 660 'i(JTi. 5' iv rrj X'^P^ '''^^ "ZTpaToviKiwv dCio iepd, ev fiev Aayivoii to ttjs FjKaTTjs imcpaviaTaTov , iravr)yvp€i^ fxeyaXcLS crvvayov Kar' iviavrbv 6771)5 5e t^s irb\iwi rb Tov Xpujaopeojs Aios koivov aTravTuiv KapSiv, eZs 8 avvia
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'^ff' ]"W, ':'.'} :'.' !:; ii;:i;;l
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ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION VO
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V ^ ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGIO
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viii Preface worth putting into a b
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X Preface willing to devote themsel
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xii Preface Prof. R. C. Bosanquet,
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xiv Preface illustration of Volume
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XVI Contents iv. Zeus and Dionysos
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XVlll Contents PART II Appendix A.
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XX List of Plates to face PLATE pag
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ABBREVIATIONS This List of Abbrevia
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Abbreviations xxv and Lesbos 1894 b
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Abbreviations xxix i (Alpes Maritim
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Abbreviations xxxi Antiken Bildiver
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Abbreviations xxxiii Inscr. Gr. Del
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Abbreviations xxxv L. Meyer //andd.
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Abbreviations xxxvii iii Die Bildwe
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Abbreviations xxxix i^xi (Tomi i—
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Abbreviations xli Sitzzifigsber. d.
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Abbreviations xliii Welcker Gr. Goi
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2 Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, e
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4 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Peo
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6 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Mag
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8 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' reg
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I o The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' p
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12 Zeus Keraunos zoistic stage was
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i^. Zeus Kataibdtes a learned treat
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes Som
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes mem
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20 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes th
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22 The Zeus-struck man in Elysium w
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24 Death by lightning as euthanasia
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;eum : Zeus in pursuit of Semele. S
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 25
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 27
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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» Zoroastres 33 of the Rufinian mo
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Zoroastres 3 5 statement in a somew
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The Elysian Way 37 Again, in an equ
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The Elysian Way 39 There is a road
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The Elysian Way 41 ignored by them
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The Elysian Way 43 Way'. Again, Emp
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The Sky-Pillar in Italy 45 facilita
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Irminsul 51 (in Marti TJiingso^
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The Irminsul 53 the sign and symbol
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The Irmi7tsul 55 witness to the ter
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lupiter-Columns 57 vehicle of the s
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lupiter-Columns 59 Seasons, the qua
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lupiter-Columns 6i children with a
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lupiter-Coiumns 63 with his club is
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lupiter-Columns 65 Minerva is Holda
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lupiter-Columns 67 This hypothesis,
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lupiter-Columns 69 possibly it symb
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lupiter-Columns 71 occupied either
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n M Fig- 31- lupiter-Columns 73 Fig
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lupiter-Columns 75 barbaric head an
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The Jupiter-Column of Saverne. Plat
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78 lupiter-Columns spokes as he rea
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8o lupiter-Columns sometimes has as
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82 lupiter-Columns So far, then, we
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84 lupiter-Columns is preceded by a
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86 lupiter-Columns a flash of light
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8 8 lupiter-Columns PreserverV in a
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90 lupiter-Columns ascending order
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92 lupiter-Columns {le Bourg d'Angs
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The Column of Mayence 93 oak at Rem
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The Column of Mayence 95 and Minerv
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The Column of Mayence 97 lower drum
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The Column of Mayence 99 Verticordi
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Commemorative Columns lOI Antoninus
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Commemorative Columns 103 '9' 7 PP-
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Commemorative Columns 105 recognise
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Commemorative Columns 107 of decora
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The Trophy 109 And pillars lopped t
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The Trophy III that of La Turbie ne
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The Trophy 113 IViss. Phil. -hist.
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and the Soul-Ladder 115 blaze or sh
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and the Soul-Ladder 117 Dec. 13), t
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and the Soul-Ladder 119 be itself o
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and the Soul-Ladder 121 — How, ex
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Amphora from Capua, now in the Brit
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and the Soul-Ladder 123 de PArt vi.
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Plate VI Polychrome hydria from Kyr
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and the Soul-Ladder 125 In support
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and the Soul-Ladder 127 Such belief
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and the Soul-Ladder 129 and corresp
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and the Soul-Ladder 131 sLimably ve
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and the Soul-Ladder 133 Now \}[\dX
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and the Soul-Ladder 135 Ladder of P
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and the Soul-Ladder 137 Ladder of t
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a. c o • I— _> C/3 ca J3 Si !-i
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140 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia abid
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142 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia stan
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144 Diana-Pillars vase, complete th
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146 Diana-Pillars Steps give access
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148 Diana-Pillars broad ribands. Ra
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I50 Diana-Pillars disk, from which
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152 Diana-Pillars Fig. 92. kais. de
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154 Diana-Pillars bronze shrines fr
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156 vL ^*w ^ 05 JiZ. < — L < Dian
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158 Diana-Pillars pillar : the pend
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i6o Agyieus-ViW'Sir^ tionof the sam
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1 6 2 y4gjieus-Vi\\3.rs in lllyria,
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1 64 Agyieus-V\\\2ixs fact, the tit
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1 66 0?npha/6s and Pillar dence tha
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i68 Omphalos and Pillar have been w
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lyo The Delphic Omphalos which cert
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172 The Delphic Omphalos Fig. 118.
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174 The Delphic Omphalos well have
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Three views of the inscribed omphal
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176 The Delphic Omphalds the earth-
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178 The Delphic Omphalos who are kn
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i8o The Delphic Omphalos in all pro
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l82 The Delphic Omphalos of honour
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The Delphic O^nphalos 183 and sundr
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The Delphic Omphalos 185 fillets an
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 187 at the co
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 189 were two,
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The Delphic Omphalos 191 aetiology
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Plate XI (a) Altar as represented o
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194 The Delphic Tripod Fig. 134.
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196 The Delphic Tripod lebes restin
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198 The Delphic Tripod 'The tripod
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The Cliigi base at Dresden, represe
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200 The Delphic Tripod Pythian vict
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202 The Delphic Tripod art-type tra
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204 The Delphic Tripod ApoUon in th
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2o6 The Delphic Tripod is finely co
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2o8 The Pythia as Bride of Apollon
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210 The Pythia and the phetic pries
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Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, C
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Caldron of Apotlleosis 213 that the
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Caldron of Apotheosis 215 Euripides
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Caldron of Apotheosis 217 Ephoros,
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Caldron of Apotheosis 219 Other wri
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 221 do
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 223 te
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 225 wi
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Pythagoras as ApoUon reborn 227 Sal
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 229 in
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Zeus at Delphoi 231 from Knossos^ a
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Dionysos at Delphoi 233 commemorate
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Dionysos at Delphoi 235 the same pr
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Dionysos at Delphoi 237 J. Loth in
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Dionysos at Delphoi 239 I have, how
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Dionysos at Delphoi 241 Clement of
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Dionysos displaced by Apollon 243 t
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at Delphoi ' 245 in the second Hami
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at Delphoi 247 124, 254 n.*, J. L.
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'^ at Delphoi 249 Plout. de fnus. 1
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at Delphoi 251 Daldeia in Lyclia',
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at Delphoi 253 mood\ And like enoug
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at Delphoi 255 oratory traditionall
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at Delphoi 257 the griffin which sh
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X 0) +-'
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26o Dionysos displaced by Apollon A
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262 Dionysos displaced by Apollon a
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X +-> Q.
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264 Dionysos displaced by Apollon T
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2 66 The stratification of Delphic
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268 Zeus and Dionysos which probabl
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270 Zeus and Dionysos pellatives: h
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272 p. Kretschmer's hypothesis the
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2 74 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's h
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276 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's hy
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278 Dios and Dios Nysos monly end w
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2 8o Dios and Dios Nysos De'os or D
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282 Dios and Dios Nysos compared wi
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Dios and Dios Nysos 283 two, and th
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 285 with Zeus P
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Dios and Dios Nysos 287 eastern sid
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fw^/'/^v^^/ ' /y/v^/^y^/A'/iw^^^ Dt
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 291 hand with t
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Papas and Attis 293 sobriquet stric
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The Mother-goddess and h^v pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and her pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and hcv pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and h.^v pdredro
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi
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The Kdbeiroi or Megalot Theoi 313 p
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The Kdbeiroi or Megdloi Theoi 315 k
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Zeus Didymatos 317 the former influ
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 319 p. D.
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 321 first
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The Celtic Janiform god 323 (8) The
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The Celtic Janiform god 325 Noricum
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X JS Q. •C c« CO O CO 9 e c4 U3
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328 lupiter and lanus in the Salian
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3 30 lupiter and lanus in the Salia
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332 lanus and lupiter on coins
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334 lanus and lupiter on coins Fig.
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336 lanus an older lupiter yawning
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338 lanus an older lupiter His titl
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340 Zan an older Zeus lanus, theref
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342 Zan an older Zeus anecd. Paris,
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344 ^^^ ^^ older Zeus A. F. Pott (1
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34^ Zan an older Zeus But why must
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348 Zan an older Zeus ' over agains
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350 Zan an older Zeus The same may
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352 Zan an older Zeus detects yet a
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354 lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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360 The Triumphal Arch had its sepa
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362 The goddess under the Arch (fx)
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364 Tigillum Sororium and lupiter T
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366 The god under the Arch the Foru
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368 lanus bifrontal on coins c. 92
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370 lanus bifrontal on coins series
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372 lanus bifrontal on coins Season
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374 lanus bifrontal in ritual the m
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37^ lanus bifrontal in ritual verse
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37^ The significance of lanus' doub
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380 The significance of lanus' doub
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386 The Sky-god's hat parison with
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388 The differentiation of associat
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390 The differentiation of Thoukydi
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the Sky-god's faces 391 and the typ
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M ns.)nif/A .VA^ Plate XXII
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. t ,.4^^/rfi^ ..,.//7r-.,.j//y,/^^
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Virbius as Dianus 393 probably brou
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Virbius as Dianus 395 things which
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Virbius as Dianus 397 hist. 25. 105
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Virbius as Dianus 399 older head is
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Diana and the Oak 401 Vicus Cuprius
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Diana and the Oak 403 change from o
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Artemis and the Oak 405 scape-relie
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Artemis and the Oak 407 the thymiat
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Artemis and the Oak 409 on leading
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Artemis and the Oak 411 much weight
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Artemis and the Oak 413 Troizen, st
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Artemis and the Oak 415 legend with
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Diana's tree at Nemi 417 introduces
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Diana's tree at Nemi 419 woodland k
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Diana's tree at Nemi 421 a priest o
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The supports of the Sky personified
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Plate XXIV Etruscan mirror: the Dio
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434 Twins as Children of the Sky Fi
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43 6 Kastor and Polydeukes conventi
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438 Kastor and Polydeukes after thi
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440 Romulus and Remus have us belie
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442 Romulus and Remus the type is c
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444 Zetes and Kalais princely twins
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446 Herakles and Iphikles was dispo
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44 The effeminate Twin Zeus^, or th
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45 The effeminate Twin before he pa
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452 Apollon and Artemis Iphiklos^ c
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454 ApoUon and Artemis
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45^ Apollon and Artemis his ancient
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45 8 Apollon and Artemis light of t
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460 Apollon and Artemis The Delphia
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Apollon and Artemis 461 p. Hartwig
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• Apollon and Artemis 463 The cop
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ApoUon and Artemis 465 other allusi
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ApoUon and Artemis 467 Iphitos, mak
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Apollon and Artemis 469 her days an
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Apollon and Artemis 471 names deriv
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Apollon and Artemis 473 earliest ex
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Apollon and Artemis 475 who with bi
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Apollon and Artemis • possibiliti
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ApoUon and Artemis 479 On the left
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Apollon and Artemis 481 it is permi
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Apollon and Artemis 483 190 And the
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Apollon and Artemis 485 deity assoc
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Apollon and Artemis 487 from the ne
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Apollon and Artemis 489 a liyper-Do
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Apollon and Artemis 491 are an amph
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Apollon and Artemis 493 his argumen
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Apollon and Artemis 495 Boreas,' th
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Apollon and Artemis 497 sometimes a
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55' Stf W iS' X. ?s '^ "^ e HY I y
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Apollon and Artemis 499 explained a
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Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
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Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
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Lightning as a weapon 505 is the so
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Lightning as a weapon 507 earlier,
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Lightning as a weapon 509 informati
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Lightning as a weapon 511 found in
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The double axe in 'Minoan' cult 513
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The double axe in mid air 515 benea
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vH -^1 ;^^ The painted limestone sa
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5i8 The double axe in relation trun
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520 The double axe in relation bord
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52 2 The double axe in relation Cer
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524 The double axe in relation if t
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526 The double axe in relation A su
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528 The double axe in relation a fi
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53^ The double axe in relation Simi
Page 655 and 656:
532 The double axe in relation prec
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534 The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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544 The deity of the double axe ena
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54^ The deity of the double axe sen
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54^ The deity of the double axe pow
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SS^ The deity of the double axe in
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' Antiochus 552 The deity of the do
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554 The deity of the double axe cul
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55^ The deity of the double axe fra
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558 The deity of the double axe if
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560 The double axe and Zeus JLabrdy
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562 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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570 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdyn
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Page 699 and 700:
57^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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57^ The double axe and Zeus luabrdy
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582 The double axe and Zeus L,abrdy
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Page 709 and 710:
586 The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdy
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588 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdy?
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Page 715 and 716:
Page 717 and 718:
594 The double axe and Zeus Labrdy7
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59^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdyndos
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The double axe and Zeus Lai?rdyncio
Page 726 and 727:
The double axe and the labarum 60 f
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The double axe and the labarum 603
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The double axe and the labaru?n 607
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Page 736 and 737:
The double axe and the labarum 6 1
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Zeus in the East 615 from Kameiros
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The double axe in the West 617 othe
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The double axe in the West 619 Not
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The axe carried by priests and prie
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Page 760 and 761:
The decoration of the double axe 63
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The duplication of the double axe 6
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The double axes of Tenedos 655 attr
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The double axes of Tenedos 657 Gree
Page 784 and 785:
The double axes of Tenedos 659 dian
Page 786 and 787:
The double axes of Tenedos 66i repr
Page 788 and 789:
' Minoan ' The double axes of Tened
Page 790 and 791: The double axes of Tenedos 665 addi
Page 792 and 793: The double axes of Tenedos 667 affi
Page 794 and 795: The double axes of Tenedos 669 ' Ky
Page 796 and 797: The double axes of Tenedos 671 fath
Page 798 and 799: The double axes of Tenedos 673 (bet
Page 800 and 801: The double axes of Tenedos 675 comb
Page 802 and 803: The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
Page 804 and 805: The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
Page 806 and 807: sacred tree at Rhegion 68i image in
Page 808 and 809: The axes and the sacred oaks at Dot
Page 810 and 811: Axe-blades and axe-hafts in megalit
Page 812 and 813: megalithic art of western Europe 68
Page 814 and 815: megalithic art of western Europe 68
Page 816 and 817: The axes of Penelope 691 The name P
Page 818 and 819: The axes of Penelope 693 of Thrace,
Page 820 and 821: The axes of Penelope 695 whole stor
Page 822 and 823: The axes of Penelope 697 an appella
Page 824 and 825: Superstitious practices with axes 6
Page 830 and 831: The spear of Zeus 705 Nonnos in the
Page 832 and 833: The spear of Zeus 707 Zeus Areios i
Page 835 and 836: Plate XXIX Etruscan mirror: the bir
Page 837 and 838: yio The spear of Zeus head of Zeus
Page 839 and 840: 712 The sword of Zeus lupiter, gras
Page 844 and 845: The sword of Zeus 715 father of the
Page 846 and 847: The sword of Zeus 717 A terra-cotta
Page 848 and 849: The sword of Zeus 719 presence of A
Page 850 and 851: The sword of Zeus 721 phon^), who f
Page 852 and 853: Gradual elimination of the thunderb
Page 856 and 857: I or Gradual elimination of the thu
Page 876: Bronze statuette of Zeus in the Uff
Page 890: Plate XXXIV Bronze statuette found
Page 893:
75 8 Gradual elimination of the thu
Page 896 and 897:
Gradual elimination of the thunderb
Page 898 and 899:
Page 900 and 901:
Page 902 and 903:
of the thunderbolt 765 earlier, app
Page 904 and 905:
of the thunderbolt 767 or straighti
Page 906 and 907:
of the thunderbolt 769 {c. 700 B.C.
Page 908 and 909:
of the thunderbolt 771 early kylix
Page 910 and 911:
of the thunderbolt 773 springeth up
Page 912 and 913:
of the thunderbolt 775 Friend Flowe
Page 914 and 915:
of the thunderbolt 777 were soon tr
Page 916 and 917:
of the thunderbolt 779 And H. Usene
Page 918:
:^.'^-- f- - j-i' '
Page 921 and 922:
.782 Modifications in the shape ten
Page 923 and 924:
784 Modifications in the shape conq
Page 925 and 926:
786 The thunderbolt of Zeus (7) The
Page 927 and 928:
788 The thunderbolt of Zeus suscept
Page 929 and 930:
790 The thunderbolt of Zeus In 191
Page 931 and 932:
792 The thunderbolt of Zeus point a
Page 933 and 934:
794 The thunderbolt of Zeus version
Page 935 and 936:
796 The thunderbolt of Zeus Differe
Page 937 and 938:
798 The thunderbolt of Zeus Byzanti
Page 939 and 940:
8oo The thunderbolt of Zeus But nei
Page 941 and 942:
8o2 The thunderbolt of Zeus other p
Page 943 and 944:
8o4 The thunderbolt of Zeus wuBJurw
Page 945 and 946:
8o6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios fo
Page 947 and 948:
8o8 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios ri
Page 949 and 950:
8io Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios Wi
Page 951 and 952:
8 12 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Kerawiios t
Page 953 and 954:
8 14 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios a
Page 955 and 956:
8i6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraiinios h
Page 957 and 958:
8i8 Zeus Zbelsourdos his name and n
Page 959 and 960:
820 Zeus Zbelsourdos shows the same
Page 961 and 962:
822 Zeus Zbelsourdos increase our k
Page 963 and 964:
824. The whip of Zeus This leaves t
Page 965 and 966:
826 The whip of Zeus forgotten by p
Page 967 and 968:
828 Thunder as a sound independent
Page 969:
830 Thunder as a sound (c) Thunder
Page 972 and 973:
caused bv the Chariot of Zeus 831 a
Page 974 and 975:
Zeus Bro7itatoSy Brontbn^ Brontesio
Page 976 and 977:
Zeus Brontaios^ Brontm^ Brojttesios
Page 978 and 979:
Zeus Brontaios^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
Page 980 and 981:
Zeus Brontatos^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
Page 982 and 983:
Retrospect 841 Further consideratio
Page 984 and 985:
Retrospect 843 over with oak-leaves
Page 986 and 987:
Retrospect 845 was seen falling fro
Page 988 and 989:
Retrospect 847 Further examples of
Page 990 and 991:
Hdrkios, ' God Retrospect 849 of Oa
Page 992 and 993:
Retrospect 851 emperors^ Coins of D
Page 995:
The main design on a krater from Ca
Page 998 and 999:
854 Retrospect On the left are Arte
Page 1000 and 1001:
856 Retrospect (Tol St) Tra
Page 1002 and 1003:
858 Retrospect iir aWore S' dWa (pe
Page 1010 and 1011:
tm ' ^- nr 2_ %^f ^HP^ JUL JUL a Xt
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Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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