Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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Zeus in the East 615 from Kameiros (fig. 512)' represents a male figure, presumably Zeus^, grasping a pointed sword in one hand and a double axe in the other as he advances to fight a beardless Centaur, who holds before him a small tree, roots and all, behind him a branch. The type was repeated by means of a wooden cylinder rolled round the clay vessel, while yet moist: a second Centaur and parts of a second Zeus are Fig. 513- ^^J g^' visible. Other fragments from Datcha on the Carian coast reverse the motif {^g. 5I3)^ which was evidently popular for the decoration of large /z'/^ciz and is once at least treated in a more advanced style (fig. SH)*. p. V. C. Baur° rightly insists that this stamped pottery exhibits certain patterns characteristic of Hittite art. And we have noted Hittite traits, not only in the cult of lupiter Dolichemcs'^, but also in that of the Rhodian Zeus^ Very possibly, then, the axe- ^ A. Salzmann Necropole de Camiros Paris 1875 pi. id a ( = my fig. 512). ^ A. Salzmann loc. cit. regarded the subject as a combat between Centaurs and Lapiths. J. L. Stokes in the Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. 1905— 1906 xii. 78 speaks of 'An archaic Lapith and Centaur scheme.' B. Sauer in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 1046^ fig. 3 took it to be the oldest representation of Herakles v. the Centaur. But P. V. C. Baur Centaurs in Ancient Art (The Archaic Period) Berlin 1912 p. 85 gives reasons for dis- senting from Sauer's view. A. Milchhofer Die Anfdnge der Ktmst in Griechenland Leipzig 1883 p. 75 fig. 48 with p. 116 pronounced in favour of Zeus on the ground of the double axe. E. H. Meyer Indogermanische Mythen Berlin 1883 i (Gandharven- Kentauren). 59, 131 reached the same conclusion ; which is accepted also by P. Jacobsthal Der Blitz in der orientalischen und griechischen Kunst Berlin 1906 p. 10 n. ?. * F. Diimmler ' Pithosfragmente aus Datscha ' in the Ath. Mitth. 1896 xxi. 230 f. fig. 1 ( = my fig. 513), P. V. C. Baur op. cit. p. 85 fig. 17 (from a photograph). Baur states that the Berlin Museum has recently acquired fragments from Datcha stamped with the same design. * F. Diimmler loc. cit. 1896 xxi. 233 ff. pi. 6 ( = niy fig. 514), P. V. C. Baur op. cit. p. 85 f. pi. II no. 217 (photograph). s P. V. C. Baur £-/. cit. p. 85 f. 8 Supra i. 604 ff., 631 f., 634. ^ Supra i. 642 f.
6i6 The double axe in the East bearer of the red relief-ware is the Hellenised form of an originally , Hittite sky-god. If so, we shall best call him Zeus. Strabon^ in his account of Kappadokia states that next to the king in importance ranked the priest of Ma at Komana, the priest of Zeus at Venasa, and the priest of Zeus Dakienos. The appellative of the latter Zeus is connected by P. Carolidis^ with the Armenian word daku, 'an axeV and taken to mean ' the Axe-bearer.' Less probable is Carolidis' contention'* that Zeus Genetaios^, ' Strab. ^J,6 f. fv Se ttj Mopi/nrivg to lepbv tov iv Ouiyvatrois At65, iepolo'likuv KaToiKiav ^X"" Tpicx'-^^'^v axeSdf tl Kai X'ipai' iepav eSKapwov, irap^x^^'^''-^ TrpbcoSov iviavaiov toKclvtuiv TTfvTeKaideKa tw hper Kai ovtSs (cttl 5ta ^lov, Kadairep Kai 6 4v Kojuacois (cp. Strab. 535), Kai devTepevei Kara TLfiTjv fier ixelvov. Tpirr] S' eariv iepuavvrj Aibs AaKtTjvoO (T. Tyrwhitt cj. AaKirjov or AaKir)vov for AaKiTj ov. A. Koraes accepted AaKi.r)vov. P. Carolidis thinks that the title was AaKlrjs or Ad/cios ; but see F. de Saussure ' Les noms grecs en -rit'ds et le' phrygien' in E. Chantre Mission en Cappadore i8gj— 18()4 Paris 1898 pp. 185—191) \nTroîAvr\ Tavrris, dîbXoyos d' Sfius. ivravda d' iarl \d*c/cos aX/xvpoO iiSaros, dîoKbyov Xlfivris ^x'^" TTf/ji/xer/joj', d
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'^ff' ]"W, ':'.'} :'.' !:; ii;:i;;l
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ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION VO
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V ^ ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGIO
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viii Preface worth putting into a b
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X Preface willing to devote themsel
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xii Preface Prof. R. C. Bosanquet,
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xiv Preface illustration of Volume
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XVI Contents iv. Zeus and Dionysos
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XVlll Contents PART II Appendix A.
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XX List of Plates to face PLATE pag
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ABBREVIATIONS This List of Abbrevia
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Abbreviations xxv and Lesbos 1894 b
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Abbreviations xxix i (Alpes Maritim
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Abbreviations xxxi Antiken Bildiver
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Abbreviations xxxiii Inscr. Gr. Del
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Abbreviations xxxv L. Meyer //andd.
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Abbreviations xxxvii iii Die Bildwe
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Abbreviations xxxix i^xi (Tomi i—
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Abbreviations xli Sitzzifigsber. d.
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Abbreviations xliii Welcker Gr. Goi
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2 Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, e
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4 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Peo
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6 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Mag
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8 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' reg
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I o The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' p
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12 Zeus Keraunos zoistic stage was
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i^. Zeus Kataibdtes a learned treat
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes Som
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes mem
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20 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes th
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22 The Zeus-struck man in Elysium w
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24 Death by lightning as euthanasia
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;eum : Zeus in pursuit of Semele. S
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 25
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 27
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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» Zoroastres 33 of the Rufinian mo
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Zoroastres 3 5 statement in a somew
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The Elysian Way 37 Again, in an equ
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The Elysian Way 39 There is a road
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The Elysian Way 41 ignored by them
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The Elysian Way 43 Way'. Again, Emp
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The Sky-Pillar in Italy 45 facilita
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Irminsul 51 (in Marti TJiingso^
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The Irminsul 53 the sign and symbol
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The Irmi7tsul 55 witness to the ter
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lupiter-Columns 57 vehicle of the s
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lupiter-Columns 59 Seasons, the qua
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lupiter-Columns 6i children with a
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lupiter-Coiumns 63 with his club is
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lupiter-Columns 65 Minerva is Holda
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lupiter-Columns 67 This hypothesis,
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lupiter-Columns 69 possibly it symb
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lupiter-Columns 71 occupied either
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n M Fig- 31- lupiter-Columns 73 Fig
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lupiter-Columns 75 barbaric head an
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The Jupiter-Column of Saverne. Plat
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78 lupiter-Columns spokes as he rea
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8o lupiter-Columns sometimes has as
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82 lupiter-Columns So far, then, we
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84 lupiter-Columns is preceded by a
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86 lupiter-Columns a flash of light
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8 8 lupiter-Columns PreserverV in a
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90 lupiter-Columns ascending order
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92 lupiter-Columns {le Bourg d'Angs
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The Column of Mayence 93 oak at Rem
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The Column of Mayence 95 and Minerv
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The Column of Mayence 97 lower drum
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The Column of Mayence 99 Verticordi
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Commemorative Columns lOI Antoninus
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Commemorative Columns 103 '9' 7 PP-
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Commemorative Columns 105 recognise
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Commemorative Columns 107 of decora
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The Trophy 109 And pillars lopped t
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The Trophy III that of La Turbie ne
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The Trophy 113 IViss. Phil. -hist.
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and the Soul-Ladder 115 blaze or sh
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and the Soul-Ladder 117 Dec. 13), t
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and the Soul-Ladder 119 be itself o
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and the Soul-Ladder 121 — How, ex
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Amphora from Capua, now in the Brit
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and the Soul-Ladder 123 de PArt vi.
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Plate VI Polychrome hydria from Kyr
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and the Soul-Ladder 125 In support
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and the Soul-Ladder 127 Such belief
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and the Soul-Ladder 129 and corresp
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and the Soul-Ladder 131 sLimably ve
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and the Soul-Ladder 133 Now \}[\dX
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and the Soul-Ladder 135 Ladder of P
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and the Soul-Ladder 137 Ladder of t
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a. c o • I— _> C/3 ca J3 Si !-i
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140 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia abid
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142 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia stan
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144 Diana-Pillars vase, complete th
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146 Diana-Pillars Steps give access
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148 Diana-Pillars broad ribands. Ra
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I50 Diana-Pillars disk, from which
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152 Diana-Pillars Fig. 92. kais. de
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154 Diana-Pillars bronze shrines fr
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156 vL ^*w ^ 05 JiZ. < — L < Dian
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158 Diana-Pillars pillar : the pend
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i6o Agyieus-ViW'Sir^ tionof the sam
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1 6 2 y4gjieus-Vi\\3.rs in lllyria,
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1 64 Agyieus-V\\\2ixs fact, the tit
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1 66 0?npha/6s and Pillar dence tha
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i68 Omphalos and Pillar have been w
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lyo The Delphic Omphalos which cert
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172 The Delphic Omphalos Fig. 118.
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174 The Delphic Omphalos well have
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Three views of the inscribed omphal
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176 The Delphic Omphalds the earth-
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178 The Delphic Omphalos who are kn
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i8o The Delphic Omphalos in all pro
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l82 The Delphic Omphalos of honour
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The Delphic O^nphalos 183 and sundr
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The Delphic Omphalos 185 fillets an
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 187 at the co
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 189 were two,
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The Delphic Omphalos 191 aetiology
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Plate XI (a) Altar as represented o
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194 The Delphic Tripod Fig. 134.
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196 The Delphic Tripod lebes restin
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198 The Delphic Tripod 'The tripod
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The Cliigi base at Dresden, represe
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200 The Delphic Tripod Pythian vict
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202 The Delphic Tripod art-type tra
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204 The Delphic Tripod ApoUon in th
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2o6 The Delphic Tripod is finely co
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2o8 The Pythia as Bride of Apollon
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210 The Pythia and the phetic pries
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Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, C
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Caldron of Apotlleosis 213 that the
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Caldron of Apotheosis 215 Euripides
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Caldron of Apotheosis 217 Ephoros,
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Caldron of Apotheosis 219 Other wri
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 221 do
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 223 te
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 225 wi
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Pythagoras as ApoUon reborn 227 Sal
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 229 in
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Zeus at Delphoi 231 from Knossos^ a
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Dionysos at Delphoi 233 commemorate
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Dionysos at Delphoi 235 the same pr
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Dionysos at Delphoi 237 J. Loth in
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Dionysos at Delphoi 239 I have, how
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Dionysos at Delphoi 241 Clement of
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Dionysos displaced by Apollon 243 t
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at Delphoi ' 245 in the second Hami
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at Delphoi 247 124, 254 n.*, J. L.
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'^ at Delphoi 249 Plout. de fnus. 1
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at Delphoi 251 Daldeia in Lyclia',
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at Delphoi 253 mood\ And like enoug
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at Delphoi 255 oratory traditionall
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at Delphoi 257 the griffin which sh
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X 0) +-'
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26o Dionysos displaced by Apollon A
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262 Dionysos displaced by Apollon a
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X +-> Q.
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264 Dionysos displaced by Apollon T
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2 66 The stratification of Delphic
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268 Zeus and Dionysos which probabl
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270 Zeus and Dionysos pellatives: h
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272 p. Kretschmer's hypothesis the
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2 74 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's h
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276 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's hy
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278 Dios and Dios Nysos monly end w
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2 8o Dios and Dios Nysos De'os or D
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282 Dios and Dios Nysos compared wi
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Dios and Dios Nysos 283 two, and th
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 285 with Zeus P
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Dios and Dios Nysos 287 eastern sid
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fw^/'/^v^^/ ' /y/v^/^y^/A'/iw^^^ Dt
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 291 hand with t
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Papas and Attis 293 sobriquet stric
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The Mother-goddess and h^v pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and her pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and hcv pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and h.^v pdredro
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi
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The Kdbeiroi or Megalot Theoi 313 p
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The Kdbeiroi or Megdloi Theoi 315 k
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Zeus Didymatos 317 the former influ
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 319 p. D.
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 321 first
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The Celtic Janiform god 323 (8) The
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The Celtic Janiform god 325 Noricum
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X JS Q. •C c« CO O CO 9 e c4 U3
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328 lupiter and lanus in the Salian
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3 30 lupiter and lanus in the Salia
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332 lanus and lupiter on coins
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334 lanus and lupiter on coins Fig.
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336 lanus an older lupiter yawning
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338 lanus an older lupiter His titl
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340 Zan an older Zeus lanus, theref
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342 Zan an older Zeus anecd. Paris,
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344 ^^^ ^^ older Zeus A. F. Pott (1
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34^ Zan an older Zeus But why must
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348 Zan an older Zeus ' over agains
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350 Zan an older Zeus The same may
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352 Zan an older Zeus detects yet a
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354 lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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360 The Triumphal Arch had its sepa
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362 The goddess under the Arch (fx)
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364 Tigillum Sororium and lupiter T
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366 The god under the Arch the Foru
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368 lanus bifrontal on coins c. 92
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370 lanus bifrontal on coins series
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372 lanus bifrontal on coins Season
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374 lanus bifrontal in ritual the m
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37^ lanus bifrontal in ritual verse
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37^ The significance of lanus' doub
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380 The significance of lanus' doub
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386 The Sky-god's hat parison with
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388 The differentiation of associat
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390 The differentiation of Thoukydi
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the Sky-god's faces 391 and the typ
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M ns.)nif/A .VA^ Plate XXII
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. t ,.4^^/rfi^ ..,.//7r-.,.j//y,/^^
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Virbius as Dianus 393 probably brou
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Virbius as Dianus 395 things which
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Virbius as Dianus 397 hist. 25. 105
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Virbius as Dianus 399 older head is
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Diana and the Oak 401 Vicus Cuprius
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Diana and the Oak 403 change from o
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Artemis and the Oak 405 scape-relie
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Artemis and the Oak 407 the thymiat
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Artemis and the Oak 409 on leading
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Artemis and the Oak 411 much weight
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Artemis and the Oak 413 Troizen, st
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Artemis and the Oak 415 legend with
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Diana's tree at Nemi 417 introduces
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Diana's tree at Nemi 419 woodland k
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Diana's tree at Nemi 421 a priest o
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The supports of the Sky personified
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Plate XXIV Etruscan mirror: the Dio
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434 Twins as Children of the Sky Fi
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43 6 Kastor and Polydeukes conventi
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438 Kastor and Polydeukes after thi
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440 Romulus and Remus have us belie
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442 Romulus and Remus the type is c
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444 Zetes and Kalais princely twins
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446 Herakles and Iphikles was dispo
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44 The effeminate Twin Zeus^, or th
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45 The effeminate Twin before he pa
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452 Apollon and Artemis Iphiklos^ c
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454 ApoUon and Artemis
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45^ Apollon and Artemis his ancient
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45 8 Apollon and Artemis light of t
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460 Apollon and Artemis The Delphia
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Apollon and Artemis 461 p. Hartwig
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• Apollon and Artemis 463 The cop
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ApoUon and Artemis 465 other allusi
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ApoUon and Artemis 467 Iphitos, mak
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Apollon and Artemis 469 her days an
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Apollon and Artemis 471 names deriv
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Apollon and Artemis 473 earliest ex
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Apollon and Artemis 475 who with bi
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Apollon and Artemis • possibiliti
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ApoUon and Artemis 479 On the left
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Apollon and Artemis 481 it is permi
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Apollon and Artemis 483 190 And the
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Apollon and Artemis 485 deity assoc
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Apollon and Artemis 487 from the ne
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Apollon and Artemis 489 a liyper-Do
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Apollon and Artemis 491 are an amph
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Apollon and Artemis 493 his argumen
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Apollon and Artemis 495 Boreas,' th
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Apollon and Artemis 497 sometimes a
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55' Stf W iS' X. ?s '^ "^ e HY I y
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Apollon and Artemis 499 explained a
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Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
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Lightning as a flash from an Eye 50
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Lightning as a weapon 505 is the so
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Lightning as a weapon 507 earlier,
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Lightning as a weapon 509 informati
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Lightning as a weapon 511 found in
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The double axe in 'Minoan' cult 513
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The double axe in mid air 515 benea
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vH -^1 ;^^ The painted limestone sa
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5i8 The double axe in relation trun
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520 The double axe in relation bord
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52 2 The double axe in relation Cer
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524 The double axe in relation if t
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526 The double axe in relation A su
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528 The double axe in relation a fi
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53^ The double axe in relation Simi
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532 The double axe in relation prec
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534 The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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53^ The double axe in relation to h
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544 The deity of the double axe ena
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54^ The deity of the double axe sen
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54^ The deity of the double axe pow
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SS^ The deity of the double axe in
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' Antiochus 552 The deity of the do
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554 The deity of the double axe cul
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55^ The deity of the double axe fra
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558 The deity of the double axe if
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560 The double axe and Zeus JLabrdy
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562 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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564 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
Page 689 and 690: 566 The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
Page 693 and 694: 570 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdyn
Page 699 and 700: 57^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
Page 701 and 702: 57^ The double axe and Zeus luabrdy
Page 705 and 706: 582 The double axe and Zeus L,abrdy
Page 709 and 710: 586 The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdy
Page 711 and 712: 588 The double axe and Zeus Lahrdy?
Page 717 and 718: 594 The double axe and Zeus Labrdy7
Page 719: 59^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
Page 722 and 723: The double axe and Zeus Lal?rdyndos
Page 724 and 725: The double axe and Zeus Lai?rdyncio
Page 726 and 727: The double axe and the labarum 60 f
Page 728 and 729: The double axe and the labarum 603
Page 732 and 733: The double axe and the labaru?n 607
Page 736 and 737: The double axe and the labarum 6 1
Page 742 and 743: The double axe in the West 617 othe
Page 744 and 745: The double axe in the West 619 Not
Page 746 and 747: The axe carried by priests and prie
Page 760 and 761: The decoration of the double axe 63
Page 778 and 779: The duplication of the double axe 6
Page 780 and 781: The double axes of Tenedos 655 attr
Page 782 and 783: The double axes of Tenedos 657 Gree
Page 784 and 785: The double axes of Tenedos 659 dian
Page 786 and 787: The double axes of Tenedos 66i repr
Page 788 and 789: ' Minoan ' The double axes of Tened
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The double axes of Tenedos 665 addi
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The double axes of Tenedos 667 affi
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The double axes of Tenedos 669 ' Ky
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The double axes of Tenedos 671 fath
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The double axes of Tenedos 673 (bet
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The double axes of Tenedos 675 comb
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The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
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The axe and the sacred oak at Dodon
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sacred tree at Rhegion 68i image in
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The axes and the sacred oaks at Dot
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Axe-blades and axe-hafts in megalit
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megalithic art of western Europe 68
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megalithic art of western Europe 68
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The axes of Penelope 691 The name P
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The axes of Penelope 693 of Thrace,
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The axes of Penelope 695 whole stor
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The axes of Penelope 697 an appella
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Superstitious practices with axes 6
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The spear of Zeus 705 Nonnos in the
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The spear of Zeus 707 Zeus Areios i
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Plate XXIX Etruscan mirror: the bir
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yio The spear of Zeus head of Zeus
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712 The sword of Zeus lupiter, gras
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The sword of Zeus 713 and that the
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The sword of Zeus 715 father of the
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The sword of Zeus 717 A terra-cotta
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The sword of Zeus 719 presence of A
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The sword of Zeus 721 phon^), who f
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Gradual elimination of the thunderb
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I or Gradual elimination of the thu
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Bronze statuette of Zeus in the Uff
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Page 890:
Plate XXXIV Bronze statuette found
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75 8 Gradual elimination of the thu
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of the thunderbolt 765 earlier, app
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of the thunderbolt 767 or straighti
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of the thunderbolt 769 {c. 700 B.C.
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of the thunderbolt 771 early kylix
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of the thunderbolt 773 springeth up
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of the thunderbolt 775 Friend Flowe
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of the thunderbolt 777 were soon tr
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of the thunderbolt 779 And H. Usene
Page 918:
:^.'^-- f- - j-i' '
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.782 Modifications in the shape ten
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784 Modifications in the shape conq
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786 The thunderbolt of Zeus (7) The
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788 The thunderbolt of Zeus suscept
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790 The thunderbolt of Zeus In 191
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792 The thunderbolt of Zeus point a
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794 The thunderbolt of Zeus version
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796 The thunderbolt of Zeus Differe
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798 The thunderbolt of Zeus Byzanti
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8oo The thunderbolt of Zeus But nei
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8o2 The thunderbolt of Zeus other p
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8o4 The thunderbolt of Zeus wuBJurw
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8o6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios fo
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8o8 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios ri
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8io Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios Wi
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8 12 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Kerawiios t
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8 14 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraunios a
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8i6 Zeus Keraunobolos^ Keraiinios h
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8i8 Zeus Zbelsourdos his name and n
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820 Zeus Zbelsourdos shows the same
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822 Zeus Zbelsourdos increase our k
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824. The whip of Zeus This leaves t
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826 The whip of Zeus forgotten by p
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828 Thunder as a sound independent
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830 Thunder as a sound (c) Thunder
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caused bv the Chariot of Zeus 831 a
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Zeus Bro7itatoSy Brontbn^ Brontesio
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Zeus Brontaios^ Brontm^ Brojttesios
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Zeus Brontaios^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
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Zeus Brontatos^ Brontbn^ Brontesios
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Retrospect 841 Further consideratio
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Retrospect 843 over with oak-leaves
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Retrospect 845 was seen falling fro
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Retrospect 847 Further examples of
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Hdrkios, ' God Retrospect 849 of Oa
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Retrospect 851 emperors^ Coins of D
Page 995:
The main design on a krater from Ca
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854 Retrospect On the left are Arte
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856 Retrospect (Tol St) Tra
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858 Retrospect iir aWore S' dWa (pe
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tm ' ^- nr 2_ %^f ^HP^ JUL JUL a Xt
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Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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