Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

842 Retrospect
series of problems concerned with the relation of Zeus on the one
hand to Dionysos, on the other to ApoUon.
Zeus and Ge were purely Hellenic. Their counterparts in the
Thraco-Phrygian area proved to be a sky-god Dios and an earthgoddess
Zemela, whose son was known as Dios Nysos, that is Dios
'the Younger^' From inscriptions and literary sources we learnt
that these names were Grecised as Zeus Dws, Semele, and Dionysos-.
Further, it was pointed out that the Thraco-Phrygians conceived
Dios the son to be a rebirth of Dios the father. And this conception,
to which parallels could be adduced from many backward races^
served to explain the odd fact that the youthful consort of Kybele
was commonly called Attis, ' Daddy,' or Papas, ' Papa'*.' It accounted
also satisfactorily for a feature of old Anatolian worship often
noticed but hitherto not fully understood— the constant grouping
of the mother-goddess with a youthful pdredros, at once her husband
and her child ^ It even suggested a reason for the speed and success
with which early Christianity permeated the regions of Phrygia
and Thrace^
Akin to the Thracian Father and Son were the Samothracian
Kabeiroi or Megaloi Theoi", consideration of whom led to a discus-
sion of the double Zeus^ and the Dioskouroi".
After dealing with the Phrygian Zeus Tetrdotos'^", the Celtic
Janiform god", \\x^^\X.^x Avibisagrus ^x\A lupiter Z>/rt:;/;/i- at Aquileia^^,
.we proceeded to examine the relationship of lanus to lupiter^^
The view here maintained is that an ancient Illyrian (?) sky-god
was worshipped on the west of the Adriatic as lanus or Ian, on
the east as Zan. lanus was in effect an older Jupiter'^ Zan an older
Zeus'l Neither Zan nor lanus was, to begin with, anthropomorphic.
Zan as being the broad Sky had the title Megas^'\ but was left
without an effigy^'. lanus was represented as a vault or archway
with four supporting pillars^*—a mimic sky which gave rise to the
Roman triumphal arch^". When lanus became iconic, he was figured
as a double-faced deity standing beneath his arch"^°. The double face,
a characteristic of other sky-gods, showed a tendency towards
differentiation 2^ (beardless v. bearded, blonde v. black-haired, etc.)
and perhaps signified that the divine Sky was bright by day and
dark by night^l Among differentiated types was that of Virbius as
Dianus or lanus, the consort of Diana at Nemi^: he was plastered
1 Supra p. 267 ff.
'^ Supra p. 277 ff. ^ Supra p. 294 n. i.
* Supra p. 292 ff.
^ Supra p. 294 ff. 8 Supra pp. 288 ff., 303 ff. ' Supra p. 313 ff.
8 Supra p. 3i6ff. " Supra p. 422 ff. ^^ Supra p. 322. ^^ Supra p. 323 ff.
'^ Supra p. 326 ff. ^* Supra p. 328 ff. ^^ Supra p. 335 ff.
'^ Supra p. 34off.
^8 Supra p. 344 ff. 17 Supra p. 353 f. ^^ Supra p. 354 ff. ^^ Supra p. 359 ff.
20 Supra p. 365 ff.
21 ^^^^^^ p_ 287 ff. 22 5„^,.^ p. ^^g ff
-^ Supra p. 392 ff.