Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

Gradual elimination of the thunderbolt 729
irpwra... | Tij re Kal 'H^Xtos Kai 'Eptri/es, oi 6' iiirb yaiav | avdptJnrovi rlvvvrai, 6'tis k
iiriopKOv 6fj.bacri with W. 'L^z.i ad locc).
In s. iv B.C. and later the witness-group Zeus, Ge, Helios revived (Psurvived) in public
contracts, usually in combination with other deities recognised by the contracting parties
(e.g. (i) A. Wilhelm in i\\Q Jahresk. d. oest. arch. Inst. i8q8 i. 149 ff. line 2 f. (treaty
Vav Kai
between Maussollos of Karia and Phaselis in Lykia) [ (5yu6ri[v Ka]t |
[djceTrr/pedcTTTjy
dirb t epov Kai iravTos \
K\ripo[v~\biJLOV.
(2) B. Latyschev
op. cit. ii 208 f. no. 400, 10 ff. (deed of enfranchisement in 41 A.D., with name of Polemon ii
erased ; now at Petrograd) ecf>' (p y dviira\(pos Kai dvemjp4a(TTo[s^ |
dirb
iravTbs K\r]pov[bp.]\ov
vwb Ala, Trjv, "HXio[;']). At Eresos in Lesbos the judges swore by Zeus and Helios
(F. Bechtelin Collitz— Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i 103 ff. no. 281 B, 54 f. = Michel op. cit.
no. 358 C, 19 f. = Dittenberger Orient. Gr. inscr. sel. no. %c, 93 f. {formula of oath, end
of s. iv B.C.) oCrco tto^o-w vai p.a Ala Kal "AXio;'). H. Usener in the Rhei7t. Mus. 1903
|
Iviii. 19 notes that in the group Zens, Ge, Helios the sun-god is on occasion replaced by
ApoUon (R. Dareste—B. Haussoullier— T. 'K&\r\?ic\\ Recueil des inscriptions juridiques
[formula of oath
grecques Paris 1891 i. i58ff. no. lOA, 4 = Michel op. cit. no. 1340^, 4
for judges at Knidos in s. ii or i B.C.) val Tbv Ala Kal Tbv 'ArrbWu rbv Avk[lov Kal Tav Tdv]).
At Athens the same tendency to swear by sky-god, sun-god, and earth-goddess can be
traced further back (cp. G. Hofmann De iurandi apiid Athenienses formtilis Strassburg
1886 p. 27 f., E. Ziebarth op. cit. p. 17 f.), the oath being by Zeus, Apollon, and Demeter
((i) Michel op. cit. no 1428, 14 ff. = Dittenberger Syll. inscr. Gr.^ no. 41, 14 ff. (decree
concerning Erythrai, c. 465 B.C.) jop. poXevffbvjqy ^Kaqjov 'Epydpdcn 7r[pt]i' ecriivai [is