Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

The god under the Arch 3^5
oiiamis'^ and as such represented that primitive sanctity, the animate
Skyl lanus the celestial roof was, in fact, fitly embodied in the
Tigillum and as yet required no other effigy. His association with
luno suggests that he here played the part of lupiter. Augustine,
after insisting that lanus and lupiter are but diverse forms of the
same deity ^ remarks that lupiter was named Tigillus 'because,
like a Beam, he kept the world together and supported it-*.'
(^) The god under the Arch.
When lanus passed from the zoistic^ to the anthropomorphic
stage, he was represented as a double-faced deity standing beneath
Fig. 261. Fig. 263.
the arch that had been his former self. Such was the bronze statue
five cubits high, which looked east and west in the ianus Geminus of
' O. Gilbert Geschichte tind Topographic der Stadt Rom im AUertum Leipzig 1883
1885 i. 180 fT., ii. 61, O. Richter in Baumeister Denkm. iii. 1528, id. Topographic der
Stadt Rom- Miinchen 1901 p. 311, W. H. Roscher in Roscher Lex. Myth. ii. 21, and
Wissowa Rcl. Ktdt. Rom.^ p. 104 all rightly regard this trixylon as a ianus. W. F. Otto
' Romische Sondergotter ' in the Rhcin. Miis. 1909 Ixiv. 4665. denies it. Cp. Cat. 67.
37
ft', ianua.-.suffixa tigillo.
'^ Supra p. 354 ff. * Supra p. 328 n. 6.
"• Aug. de civ. Dei"]. 11 dixeriint eum {sc. lovem).. .Tigillum. ..quod tamquam tigillus
niundum contineret ac sustineret... puto inter se propinquioi^a esse causas rerum atque
primordia, propter quas res unum niundum duos deos esse voluerunt, lovem atque lanum,
quam continere mundum et mammam dare animalibus ; nee tamen propter haec opera duo
tarn longe inter se vi et dignitate diversa duo dii e.sse compulsi sunt ; .sed unus luppiter
propter illud Tigillus, propter hoc Ruminus appellatus est.
In Folk-Lore 1905 xvi. 279 n. 6 I mistakenly inferred from this passage that lupiter
Tigillus owed his appellation to some reminiscence of the world-tree. I now hold that
he was the Latin equivalent of an earlier Linus, whose beam was horizontal, not vertical.
E. Pais Ancient Legends of Roman History i\-3.ns. AL E. Cosenza London 1906 p. 156
speaks of ' ceremonies in honor of Jupiter Tigillus and Juno Sororia.' But the phrase
oversteps our data. J. A. Hartung Die Religion der Romer Erlangen 1836 ii. 43 was
content to say :
' Zuerst richtet er ein Joch auf, sororium tigillum genannt, mit Ein-
willigung, wie es scheint, des Jupiter Tigillus.'' And even that is more than we really
know.
'° Supra i. 27 n. 4.