09.01.2013 Views

Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.

45^<br />

Apollon and Artemis<br />

his <strong>ancient</strong> haunt and attend the new local rites. Nilsson further<br />

(191 1 )^ notes that the first day of the month was sacred to Apollon<br />

as Noumenios'^ dXidi that the twentieth was sacred to him as Eikddios^,<br />

but that his festivals regularly fell on the seventh of the months<br />

Hence we are to <strong>in</strong>fer that Apollon was essentially connected with<br />

the lunisolar calendar and its sacred sabbath, that his worship<br />

orig<strong>in</strong>ated <strong>in</strong> Babylonia, and that it spread through Asia M<strong>in</strong>or<br />

to Greece. O. Gruppe (1906)°, though he does not go so far afield as<br />

Mesopotamia, aga<strong>in</strong> turns his face eastwards. He holds that the<br />

worship of a barbaric mother-goddess Laid, whose name was Ionised<br />

as Leto, and the recognition of Apollon and Artemis as her tw<strong>in</strong><br />

children may be attributed to Hellenic settlers on the coast of Asia<br />

M<strong>in</strong>or <strong>in</strong> the course of the n<strong>in</strong>th and eighth centuries B.C. W. Aly<br />

(1908)" is disposed to reject the eastern orig<strong>in</strong> of Apollon. He argues<br />

that, if the god had come—as Wilamowitz thought—from Lykia,<br />

his cult must have reached Greece via Crete. We should therefore<br />

look to f<strong>in</strong>d early forms of his worship <strong>in</strong> that island. But a careful<br />

survey of the Cretan evidence can produce noth<strong>in</strong>g of the sort.<br />

Rather we are driven to conclude that the cult was imported from<br />

Greece, especially from Delphoi". E. Meyer (1909)* also parts com-<br />

' M. p. Nilsson ' Die alteste griechische Zeitrechnung, Apollo und der Orient ' <strong>in</strong> the<br />

Archivf. Rel. 1911 xiv. 423—448.<br />

^ H. Usener <strong>in</strong> the Rhe<strong>in</strong>. Miis. 1879 xxxiv. 421 f.,W. H. Reseller <strong>in</strong> his Lex. Myth.<br />

i. 424 f., K. Wernicke <strong>in</strong> Pauly—Wissowa Keal-Etic. ii. 61, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel.<br />

p. 939 n. 9, M. P. Nilsson he. cit. p. 443 f.<br />

* K. Wernicke <strong>in</strong> Pauly—Wissowa Real-Eiie. ii. 50, O. Jessen ib. v. 2098 f., M. P.<br />

Nilsson loc. cit. p. 444.<br />

* K. Wernicke <strong>in</strong> Pauly—Wissowa Real-Etic. ii. 50, F. Boll ib. vii. 2555, S. Eitrem<br />

and O. Jessen ib. vii. 2579, Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. p. 939 n. 7, M. P. Nilsson loc. cit.<br />

p. 442 f. For a summary of W. H. Roscher's volum<strong>in</strong>ous papers on the subject see supra<br />

p. 236 n. 5.<br />

^ Gruppe Gr. Myth. Rel. pp. 1247— 1252.<br />

^ W. Aly Der kretische Apollonkult Leipzig 1908 pp. i— 57.<br />

^ Id. ib. p. 57 :<br />

' Fassen wir zusammen, so hat unsere Untersuchung ergeben, dass<br />

sich auf Kreta nichts f<strong>in</strong>det, das Anspruch darauf machte, ftir altapoll<strong>in</strong>isch zu gelten.<br />

Der verbreitete Kult des pythischen Gottes kommt von Delphi, wahrend das, vi^as Delphi<br />

aus Kreta entlehnt, nicht an Apollons Namen haftet. Dorisch diirften wir den Karneios,<br />

Dromaios, Agyieus nennen ; die iibrigen Gestalten s<strong>in</strong>d lokale Sonder^btter, die mit<br />

Apollon erst im Laufe der Entvvicklung verschmelzen. Besonders deutlich traten der<br />

Apollon von Eleutherna und Apollon Delph<strong>in</strong>ios als eigenartige Personlichkeiten hervor.<br />

Wahrend sich <strong>in</strong> dorischer Zeit Abhi<strong>in</strong>gigkeit von Argos zeigte, wiesen die alteren Spuren<br />

nach Bootien, <strong>in</strong> e<strong>in</strong>em besonderen Falle nach Thessalien. Kle<strong>in</strong>asien kam nur ganz<br />

gelegentlich <strong>in</strong> Betracht. Die sprachliche Untersuchung konnte noch ke<strong>in</strong> Resultat<br />

erzielen, da sie von dem ethnologischen Problem abhangig ist. Im Ganzen geht Kreta<br />

<strong>in</strong> vordorischer Zeit nicht mit dem Osten, sondern mit dem Mutterland.<br />

Kam Apollon aus Lykien, so ist er jedenfalls an Kreta vollig voriibergegangen, e<strong>in</strong>e<br />

Tatsache, die den ostlichen Ursprung des Gottes als sehr zweifelhaft ersche<strong>in</strong>en lasst.<br />

^ E. Meyer Geschichte des Altertttvis- i. 2. 639 f.

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!