Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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Apollon and Artemis 499 explained amber as the juice or sweat of solar rays^ Moreover, its Greek name elektron is akin to elektor, a poetic title of the sun-; and the ancients maintained that the latter was derived from the former^, or the former from the latter'*. Among the Rhodians, too, Elektryone —locally worshipped as Alektrona'^—was said to be the daughter of Helios". Our enquiry, as a whole, leads up to the following conclusions. The cult of Apollon came into Greece along the older Amber Route from the land of the Hyperboreans, which is best located near the source of the Danube. The A£yteiis-p\\\a.rs of ApoUonia, Orikos, Olympe, Ambrakia mark out the 'Way'" and point onwards to Delphoi, where the Hyperboreans Pagasos and Agyieus estab- lished the oracle**. Apollonia in Illyria was left as a milestone on the road", if not also Apollonia in Akarnania^^and Apollonia in Aitolia". ' Plin. »ai. kisl. 37. 36. - //. 6. 513 ijXeKTup, 19. 398 = //. ^p. 369 TjXeKTup 'Tirepiwv, Euphorion frag. 74 i f. Stahlin ko.1 ol yelvaro Kovpof, 8s ovk rjXeKTopa Meineke ap. Clem. Al. strom. 4. 5 p. 259, eldev. E. E. Hikes on /i. Ap. 369 justly cp. Emped. 327 Karsten (frag. 22 Diels) TJ\eKT
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'^ff' ]"W, ':'.'} :'.' !:; ii;:i;;l
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ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGION VO
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V ^ ZEUS A STUDY IN ANCIENT RELIGIO
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viii Preface worth putting into a b
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X Preface willing to devote themsel
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xii Preface Prof. R. C. Bosanquet,
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xiv Preface illustration of Volume
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XVI Contents iv. Zeus and Dionysos
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XVlll Contents PART II Appendix A.
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XX List of Plates to face PLATE pag
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ABBREVIATIONS This List of Abbrevia
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Abbreviations xxv and Lesbos 1894 b
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Abbreviations xxix i (Alpes Maritim
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Abbreviations xxxi Antiken Bildiver
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Abbreviations xxxiii Inscr. Gr. Del
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Abbreviations xxxv L. Meyer //andd.
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Abbreviations xxxvii iii Die Bildwe
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Abbreviations xxxix i^xi (Tomi i—
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Abbreviations xli Sitzzifigsber. d.
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Abbreviations xliii Welcker Gr. Goi
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2 Zeus lightens, thunders, rains, e
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4 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Peo
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6 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' Mag
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8 The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' reg
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I o The Diosemia or ' Zeus-sign ' p
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12 Zeus Keraunos zoistic stage was
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i^. Zeus Kataibdtes a learned treat
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes Som
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1 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes mem
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20 The altars of Zeus Kataibdtes th
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22 The Zeus-struck man in Elysium w
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24 Death by lightning as euthanasia
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;eum : Zeus in pursuit of Semele. S
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 25
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Death by lightning as euthanasia 27
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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The Tarentine cult of Zeus Kataibdt
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» Zoroastres 33 of the Rufinian mo
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Zoroastres 3 5 statement in a somew
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The Elysian Way 37 Again, in an equ
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The Elysian Way 39 There is a road
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The Elysian Way 41 ignored by them
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The Elysian Way 43 Way'. Again, Emp
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The Sky-Pillar in Italy 45 facilita
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Sky-Pillar in the 'Minoan' area
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The Irminsul 51 (in Marti TJiingso^
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The Irminsul 53 the sign and symbol
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The Irmi7tsul 55 witness to the ter
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lupiter-Columns 57 vehicle of the s
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lupiter-Columns 59 Seasons, the qua
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lupiter-Columns 6i children with a
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lupiter-Coiumns 63 with his club is
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lupiter-Columns 65 Minerva is Holda
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lupiter-Columns 67 This hypothesis,
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lupiter-Columns 69 possibly it symb
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lupiter-Columns 71 occupied either
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n M Fig- 31- lupiter-Columns 73 Fig
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lupiter-Columns 75 barbaric head an
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The Jupiter-Column of Saverne. Plat
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78 lupiter-Columns spokes as he rea
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8o lupiter-Columns sometimes has as
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82 lupiter-Columns So far, then, we
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84 lupiter-Columns is preceded by a
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86 lupiter-Columns a flash of light
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8 8 lupiter-Columns PreserverV in a
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90 lupiter-Columns ascending order
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92 lupiter-Columns {le Bourg d'Angs
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The Column of Mayence 93 oak at Rem
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The Column of Mayence 95 and Minerv
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The Column of Mayence 97 lower drum
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The Column of Mayence 99 Verticordi
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Commemorative Columns lOI Antoninus
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Commemorative Columns 103 '9' 7 PP-
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Commemorative Columns 105 recognise
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Commemorative Columns 107 of decora
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The Trophy 109 And pillars lopped t
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The Trophy III that of La Turbie ne
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The Trophy 113 IViss. Phil. -hist.
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and the Soul-Ladder 115 blaze or sh
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and the Soul-Ladder 117 Dec. 13), t
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and the Soul-Ladder 119 be itself o
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and the Soul-Ladder 121 — How, ex
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Amphora from Capua, now in the Brit
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and the Soul-Ladder 123 de PArt vi.
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Plate VI Polychrome hydria from Kyr
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and the Soul-Ladder 125 In support
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and the Soul-Ladder 127 Such belief
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and the Soul-Ladder 129 and corresp
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and the Soul-Ladder 131 sLimably ve
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and the Soul-Ladder 133 Now \}[\dX
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and the Soul-Ladder 135 Ladder of P
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and the Soul-Ladder 137 Ladder of t
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a. c o • I— _> C/3 ca J3 Si !-i
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140 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia abid
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142 The Sky-Pillar in Sardinia stan
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144 Diana-Pillars vase, complete th
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146 Diana-Pillars Steps give access
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148 Diana-Pillars broad ribands. Ra
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I50 Diana-Pillars disk, from which
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152 Diana-Pillars Fig. 92. kais. de
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154 Diana-Pillars bronze shrines fr
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156 vL ^*w ^ 05 JiZ. < — L < Dian
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158 Diana-Pillars pillar : the pend
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i6o Agyieus-ViW'Sir^ tionof the sam
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1 6 2 y4gjieus-Vi\\3.rs in lllyria,
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1 64 Agyieus-V\\\2ixs fact, the tit
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1 66 0?npha/6s and Pillar dence tha
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i68 Omphalos and Pillar have been w
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lyo The Delphic Omphalos which cert
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172 The Delphic Omphalos Fig. 118.
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174 The Delphic Omphalos well have
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Three views of the inscribed omphal
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176 The Delphic Omphalds the earth-
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178 The Delphic Omphalos who are kn
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i8o The Delphic Omphalos in all pro
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l82 The Delphic Omphalos of honour
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The Delphic O^nphalos 183 and sundr
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The Delphic Omphalos 185 fillets an
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 187 at the co
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The Delphic 07nphal6s 189 were two,
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The Delphic Omphalos 191 aetiology
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Plate XI (a) Altar as represented o
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194 The Delphic Tripod Fig. 134.
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196 The Delphic Tripod lebes restin
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198 The Delphic Tripod 'The tripod
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The Cliigi base at Dresden, represe
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200 The Delphic Tripod Pythian vict
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202 The Delphic Tripod art-type tra
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204 The Delphic Tripod ApoUon in th
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2o6 The Delphic Tripod is finely co
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2o8 The Pythia as Bride of Apollon
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210 The Pythia and the phetic pries
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Hydria in the Fitzwilliam Museum, C
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Caldron of Apotlleosis 213 that the
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Caldron of Apotheosis 215 Euripides
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Caldron of Apotheosis 217 Ephoros,
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Caldron of Apotheosis 219 Other wri
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 221 do
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 223 te
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 225 wi
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Pythagoras as ApoUon reborn 227 Sal
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Pythagoras as Apollon reborn 229 in
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Zeus at Delphoi 231 from Knossos^ a
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Dionysos at Delphoi 233 commemorate
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Dionysos at Delphoi 235 the same pr
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Dionysos at Delphoi 237 J. Loth in
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Dionysos at Delphoi 239 I have, how
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Dionysos at Delphoi 241 Clement of
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Dionysos displaced by Apollon 243 t
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at Delphoi ' 245 in the second Hami
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at Delphoi 247 124, 254 n.*, J. L.
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'^ at Delphoi 249 Plout. de fnus. 1
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at Delphoi 251 Daldeia in Lyclia',
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at Delphoi 253 mood\ And like enoug
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at Delphoi 255 oratory traditionall
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at Delphoi 257 the griffin which sh
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X 0) +-'
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26o Dionysos displaced by Apollon A
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262 Dionysos displaced by Apollon a
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X +-> Q.
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264 Dionysos displaced by Apollon T
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2 66 The stratification of Delphic
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268 Zeus and Dionysos which probabl
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270 Zeus and Dionysos pellatives: h
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272 p. Kretschmer's hypothesis the
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2 74 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's h
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276 Criticism of P. Kretschmer's hy
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278 Dios and Dios Nysos monly end w
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2 8o Dios and Dios Nysos De'os or D
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282 Dios and Dios Nysos compared wi
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Dios and Dios Nysos 283 two, and th
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 285 with Zeus P
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Dios and Dios Nysos 287 eastern sid
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fw^/'/^v^^/ ' /y/v^/^y^/A'/iw^^^ Dt
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Dios and Dfos Nysos 291 hand with t
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Papas and Attis 293 sobriquet stric
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The Mother-goddess and h^v pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and her pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and hcv pdredros
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The Mother-goddess and h.^v pdredro
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to Christianity 3
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Attis in relation to the Dioskouroi
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The Kdbeiroi or Megalot Theoi 313 p
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The Kdbeiroi or Megdloi Theoi 315 k
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Zeus Didymatos 317 the former influ
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 319 p. D.
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Zeus duplicated on a gem 321 first
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The Celtic Janiform god 323 (8) The
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The Celtic Janiform god 325 Noricum
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X JS Q. •C c« CO O CO 9 e c4 U3
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328 lupiter and lanus in the Salian
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3 30 lupiter and lanus in the Salia
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332 lanus and lupiter on coins
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334 lanus and lupiter on coins Fig.
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336 lanus an older lupiter yawning
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338 lanus an older lupiter His titl
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340 Zan an older Zeus lanus, theref
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342 Zan an older Zeus anecd. Paris,
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344 ^^^ ^^ older Zeus A. F. Pott (1
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34^ Zan an older Zeus But why must
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348 Zan an older Zeus ' over agains
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350 Zan an older Zeus The same may
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352 Zan an older Zeus detects yet a
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354 lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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35^ lanus represented as Vault or A
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360 The Triumphal Arch had its sepa
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362 The goddess under the Arch (fx)
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364 Tigillum Sororium and lupiter T
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366 The god under the Arch the Foru
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368 lanus bifrontal on coins c. 92
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370 lanus bifrontal on coins series
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372 lanus bifrontal on coins Season
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374 lanus bifrontal in ritual the m
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37^ lanus bifrontal in ritual verse
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37^ The significance of lanus' doub
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380 The significance of lanus' doub
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Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
386 The Sky-god's hat parison with
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388 The differentiation of associat
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390 The differentiation of Thoukydi
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the Sky-god's faces 391 and the typ
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M ns.)nif/A .VA^ Plate XXII
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. t ,.4^^/rfi^ ..,.//7r-.,.j//y,/^^
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Virbius as Dianus 393 probably brou
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Virbius as Dianus 395 things which
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Virbius as Dianus 397 hist. 25. 105
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Virbius as Dianus 399 older head is
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Diana and the Oak 401 Vicus Cuprius
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Diana and the Oak 403 change from o
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Artemis and the Oak 405 scape-relie
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Artemis and the Oak 407 the thymiat
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Artemis and the Oak 409 on leading
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Artemis and the Oak 411 much weight
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Artemis and the Oak 413 Troizen, st
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Artemis and the Oak 415 legend with
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Diana's tree at Nemi 417 introduces
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Diana's tree at Nemi 419 woodland k
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Diana's tree at Nemi 421 a priest o
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The supports of the Sky personified
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Page 540 and 541:
Page 542 and 543:
Page 544 and 545:
Page 546:
Plate XXIV Etruscan mirror: the Dio
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434 Twins as Children of the Sky Fi
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43 6 Kastor and Polydeukes conventi
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438 Kastor and Polydeukes after thi
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440 Romulus and Remus have us belie
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442 Romulus and Remus the type is c
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444 Zetes and Kalais princely twins
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446 Herakles and Iphikles was dispo
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44 The effeminate Twin Zeus^, or th
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45 The effeminate Twin before he pa
Page 567 and 568: 452 Apollon and Artemis Iphiklos^ c
Page 569 and 570: 454 ApoUon and Artemis
Page 571 and 572: 45^ Apollon and Artemis his ancient
Page 573 and 574: 45 8 Apollon and Artemis light of t
Page 575 and 576: 460 Apollon and Artemis The Delphia
Page 578 and 579: Apollon and Artemis 461 p. Hartwig
Page 580 and 581: • Apollon and Artemis 463 The cop
Page 582 and 583: ApoUon and Artemis 465 other allusi
Page 584 and 585: ApoUon and Artemis 467 Iphitos, mak
Page 586 and 587: Apollon and Artemis 469 her days an
Page 588 and 589: Apollon and Artemis 471 names deriv
Page 590 and 591: Apollon and Artemis 473 earliest ex
Page 592 and 593: Apollon and Artemis 475 who with bi
Page 594 and 595: Apollon and Artemis • possibiliti
Page 596 and 597: ApoUon and Artemis 479 On the left
Page 598 and 599: Apollon and Artemis 481 it is permi
Page 600 and 601: Apollon and Artemis 483 190 And the
Page 602 and 603: Apollon and Artemis 485 deity assoc
Page 604 and 605: Apollon and Artemis 487 from the ne
Page 606 and 607: Apollon and Artemis 489 a liyper-Do
Page 608 and 609: Apollon and Artemis 491 are an amph
Page 610 and 611: Apollon and Artemis 493 his argumen
Page 612 and 613: Apollon and Artemis 495 Boreas,' th
Page 614 and 615: Apollon and Artemis 497 sometimes a
Page 616 and 617: 55' Stf W iS' X. ?s '^ "^ e HY I y
Page 620 and 621: 500 Apollon and Artemis It is notic
Page 622 and 623: 502 Lightning as a flash from an Ey
Page 624 and 625: 504 Lightning as a flash from an Ey
Page 626 and 627: 5o6 Lightning as a weapon attempt t
Page 628 and 629: 5o8 Lightning as a weapon turbidus
Page 630 and 631: 5IO Lightning as a weapon turned up
Page 632 and 633: 512 Light:ninpf as a weaoon ape (fi
Page 634 and 635: 514 The double axe in mid air (a) T
Page 636: 5i6 The double axe in relation bene
Page 640 and 641: to tree- or plant-forms 517 shape i
Page 642 and 643: to tree- or plant-forms 519 The oth
Page 644 and 645: to tree- or plant-forms 521 of the
Page 646 and 647: to tree- or plant-forms 523 One of
Page 648 and 649: to tree- or plant-forms 525 {d) exh
Page 650 and 651: to tree- or plant-forms 527 known a
Page 652 and 653: to columns or pillars 529 below the
Page 654 and 655: to columns )lu or DUlars 11; 531 I
Page 656 and 657: to columns or pillars 533 Subsequen
Page 658 and 659: The double axe in relation to horns
Page 666 and 667: The deity of the double axe 543 it
Page 668 and 669:
The deity of the double axe 545 and
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The deity of the double axe 547 Bar
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The deity of the double axe 549 too
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The deity of the double axe 551 ' h
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The deity of the double axe 553 agr
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The deity of the double axe 555 the
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The deity of the double axe 557 nam
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The double axe and Zeus L,abrdyndos
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The double axe and Zeus Labrdyndos
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Page 688 and 689:
Page 690 and 691:
Page 692 and 693:
Page 694 and 695:
Page 696 and 697:
Page 698 and 699:
The double axe and Zeus Lahrdyndos
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Page 702 and 703:
Page 704 and 705:
Page 706 and 707:
The double axe and Zeus Labrdy?idos
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The double axe and Zeus Lahrdyndos
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The double axe and Zeus L,abrdy7ido
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The double axe and Zeus JLabrdy7tdo
Page 714 and 715:
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 721 and 722:
Plate XXVIII Marble head of Zeus La
Page 723 and 724:
59^ The double axe and Zeus Labrdyn
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6oo The double axe and the Labyrint
Page 727 and 728:
6o2 The double axe and the labarum
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Page 731 and 732:
Page 733 and 734:
Page 735 and 736:
6io The double axe and the labarum
Page 737 and 738:
6i2 The double axe and the labarum
Page 739 and 740:
6 14 The double axe and other forms
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6i6 The double axe in the East bear
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6i8 The double axe in the West of a
Page 745 and 746:
62 o The axe carried by priests and
Page 747 and 748:
62 2 The axe carried by priests and
Page 749 and 750:
624 The axe carried by priests and
Page 751 and 752:
Page 753 and 754:
Page 755 and 756:
Page 757 and 758:
Page 759 and 760:
Page 761 and 762:
636 The decoration of the double ax
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Page 765 and 766:
Page 767 and 768:
Page 769 and 770:
Page 771 and 772:
Page 773 and 774:
Page 775 and 776:
Page 777 and 778:
652 The duplication of the double a
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654 The double axes of Tenedos blad
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656 The double axes of Tenedos F. I
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658 The double axes of Tenedos of t
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66o The double axes of Tenedos Alex
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662 The double axes of Tenedos has
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664 The double axes of Tenedos resp
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666 The double axes of Tenedos astr
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668 The double axes of Tenedos Omdd
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670 The double axes of Tenedos thio
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672 The double axes of Tenedos A ch
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674 The double axes of Tenedos head
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676 The double axes of Tenedos by a
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678 The axe and the sacred oak at D
Page 805 and 806:
68o The sword and the (
Page 807 and 808:
682 The sword and the sacred tree a
Page 809 and 810:
684 The knife and the sacred oak at
Page 811 and 812:
686 Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the
Page 813 and 814:
688 Axe-blades and axe-hafts in the
Page 815 and 816:
690 The axes of Penelope the carved
Page 817 and 818:
692 The axes of Penelope most sugge
Page 819 and 820:
694 The axes of Penelope wards and
Page 821 and 822:
696 The axes of Penelope 'A6s r)
Page 823 and 824:
698 Superstitious practices with ax
Page 825 and 826:
Page 827 and 828:
Page 829 and 830:
7 04 The spear of Z eus is sometime
Page 831 and 832:
7o6 The spear of Zeus B.C. show him
Page 833:
7o8 The spear of Z eus For a simila
Page 836 and 837:
Th e spear pCc of Z eus 709 sometim
Page 838 and 839:
The speai ofZ eus 711 observed that
Page 840:
fir" —- »^^"~' *.—I \ » * —
Page 843 and 844:
714 The sword of Zeus tolerably cer
Page 845 and 846:
7i6 The sword of Zeus Greeks—say
Page 847 and 848:
7i8 The sword of Zeus Kypros,' whic
Page 849 and 850:
720 The sword of Zeus particu larly
Page 851 and 852:
72 2 Gradual elimination of the thu
Page 853 and 854:
724 Gradual elimination of the thun
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Page 857 and 858:
Page 859 and 860:
Page 861 and 862:
Page 863 and 864:
Page 865 and 866:
Page 867 and 868:
Page 869 and 870:
Page 871 and 872:
Page 873 and 874:
Page 875 and 876:
74^ Gradual elimination of the thun
Page 878:
Plate XXXII 1 Silver statuette from
Page 881 and 882:
Page 883 and 884:
Page 885 and 886:
Page 887 and 888:
Page 889 and 890:
Page 892 and 893:
Gradual elimination of the thunderb
Page 895 and 896:
X XX
Page 897 and 898:
Page 899 and 900:
Page 901 and 902:
764 Modifications in the shape must
Page 903 and 904:
766 Modifications in the shape firs
Page 905 and 906:
768 Modifications in the shape Fig.
Page 907 and 908:
770 Modifications in the shape end
Page 909 and 910:
772 Modifications in the shape sun
Page 911 and 912:
774 Modifications in the shape also
Page 913 and 914:
77^ Modifications in the shape The
Page 915 and 916:
778 Modifications in the shape
Page 917 and 918:
780 Modifications in the shape beca
Page 920 and 921:
of the thunderbolt 781. butterfly i
Page 922 and 923:
of the thunderbolt 783 larly Pliny
Page 924 and 925:
of the thunderbolt 785 however, to
Page 926 and 927:
and the trident of Poseidon 787 evo
Page 928 and 929:
and the trident of Poseidon 789 as
Page 930 and 931:
and the trident of Poseidon 791 sto
Page 932 and 933:
and the trident of Poseidon 793 the
Page 934 and 935:
and the trident of Poseidon 795 man
Page 936 and 937:
and the trident of Poseidon 797 the
Page 938 and 939:
and the fork of Hades 799 forks of
Page 940 and 941:
and the fork of Hades 8oi alia supp
Page 942 and 943:
and the fork of Hades 803 The failu
Page 944 and 945:
and the fork of Hades 805 lupiter w
Page 946 and 947:
Astrapaios^ Astrapton 807 Of greate
Page 948 and 949:
Astrapatos^ Ast7^dpton 809 Of these
Page 950 and 951:
Astrapaios^ Astrdpton 8ii would-be
Page 952 and 953:
Astrapatos^ Astrdpton 813 slaves^,
Page 954 and 955:
Astrapaios^ Ast7^dpton 815 name of
Page 956 and 957:
Astrapaios^ Astrdpton 817 the Helle
Page 958 and 959:
Zeus Zbelsourdos 819 feet two of th
Page 960 and 961:
Zeus Zbelsourdos 821 bolt. But this
Page 962 and 963:
Zeus Zbelsourdos 823 These tentativ
Page 964 and 965:
The whip of Zeus 825 Crushed in his
Page 966 and 967:
Thunder as a sound independent of Z
Page 968 and 969:
Thunder as a sound uttered by Zeus
Page 971 and 972:
Plate XXXVII Terra-cotta group from
Page 973 and 974:
832 Thunder caused by the Chariot o
Page 975 and 976:
834 ^eus Brontatos^ Brontm^ Bront^s
Page 977 and 978:
836 Zeus Brontaios^ Bronton^ Bro7it
Page 979 and 980:
. the 838 Zeus Brontafos^ Bronton^
Page 981 and 982:
840 Retrospect Retrospect. Most of
Page 983 and 984:
842 Retrospect series of problems c
Page 985 and 986:
844 Retrospect Ultimately the follo
Page 987 and 988:
846 Retrospect the type of Zeus sho
Page 989 and 990:
848 Retrospect The 'Minoan' concept
Page 991 and 992:
850 Retrospect thunderbolt was anth
Page 993:
852 Retrospect Zeus as god of Thund
Page 997 and 998:
Retrospect 853 in three registers,
Page 999 and 1000:
Retrospect 855 Kvht,aT ddavdrcov, i
Page 1001 and 1002:
Retrospect 857 aWa (TV Kol ra Trepi
Page 1003:
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY \V. LEW
Page 1011:
c »-i.-. 6RIGHAM YOUNG UNWERSITV 3
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Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

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