Zeus : a study in ancient religion - Warburg Institute

Zan an older Zeus 349
the cow of Ilos at Troy ^ or the ' Adiounian bull ' in Crete-. It seems
likely enough that in this district, peopled with Illyrian tribes^, which
had pushed their way from north to south ^ and were partially
Hellenised by contact with their neighbours, Zeus represents Zdn—
a name reappearing in the Zdnes of Olympiad When Zdn had
dropped out of popular parlance, a story involving his half-forgotten
name might well become attached to Pdn. Epitherses, who told
the tale, was a grammarian of Nikaia in Bithynia living in the reign
of Tiberius'' ; and coins of Nikaia, struck by Marcus Aurelius', Cara-
calla^ Macrinus^ Elagabalos^", Severus Alexander'^, Maximinus'^,
Gordianus iii^^, Philippus ii^'*, Trebonianus Gallus^^, and Gallienus^",
make much of Pan 'I Moreover, the Orphic Theogony of Hellanikos
had long since identified Zeus with Pan^*, misled by what seemed
an obvious etymology^". On the whole, therefore, it may be inferred
that Plutarch's story really does postulate as its original source the
liturgy of Zan the Great-".
^ Supra i. 468 n. 9.
^ Supra i. 468 n. 8, 635. See further G. F. Hill in the/iwrji. Hell. Stud. 1916 xxxvi.
138 ff. ('Cattle in Foundation-Myths').
^ A. Philippson in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc. v. 2722.
* A. Fick Vorgriechische Ortsnamen Gottingen 1905 p. 142 f. , G. Dottin Les anciens
peuples de VEurope Paris 1916 pp. 152 f., 155.
^ Supra p. 343 s.v. ZS^'es.
6 L. Cohn in Pauly—Wissowa i'?m/-^«(r. vi. 221.
^ Waddington—Babelon — Reinach Moftn. gr. d'As. Min. i. 418 f. nos. 153 pi. 70, 19,
155 pi. 70, 20, 156 pi. 70, 21, 157 pi. 70, 22.
* Eid. ib. i. 454 no. 444 pi. 78, 26. ' Eid. ib. i. 467 no. 544 pi. 81, 14.
^^ Eid. ib. i. 469 no. 561. ^^ Eid. ib. i. 474 nos. 593 pi. 82, 21, 594.
1^ Eid. ib. i. 480 nos. 640 pi. 83, 28, 641, 642 pi. 83, 29.
^^ Eid. ib. i. 487 no. 697
'* Eid. ib. i. 496 no. 770.
pi. 84, 32.
^'^ Eid. ib. i. 492 no. 739 pi. 85, 25.
^^ Eid. ib. i. 506 no. 838 pi. 87, 32.
*^ See further F. Imhoof-Blumer in the Journ. Intern, d^Arch. Num. 1898 i. 26, 28 ff.
pi. B', 17 (M. Aurelius), 18 (M. Aurelius), 19 (Macrinus), 20 (Maximinus), 21 (Caracalla),
W. H. Roscher in his Lex. Myth. iii. 1368.
JS Infra Append. G. Cp. Orph. h. Ap. 34. 24 ff., A^oWod. frag. 4^ b (Frag. hist. Gr.
iv. 649 Mliller) ap. Serv. in Verg. georg. i. 16 (ii. 174 n. Lion), Cornut. theol. 27 p. 49,
4 ff. Lang. See also W. H. Roscher ' Pan als Allgott ' in the Festschrift fiirJohannes
Overbeck I^eipzig 1893 pp. 56— 72 and in his Lex. Myth. iii. 1405, A. Jeremias ib. v. 69.
'^ ndj' = 7ra;' !
^" I regret that I find myself unable to accept the admirably ingenious hypothesis put
forward by S. Reinach ('La mort du grand Pan' in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1907 xxxi.
5 ig = id. Cultes, Mythes et Religions Paris 1908 iii. i— 15), according to which the
words heard off Paxos were eAMOTS GAMOTS OAMOTS HANMEFAS TEeNHKE,
' Tammuz, Tammuz, Tammuz the Almighty is dead. ' But (a) it is highly improbable that
the Syrian god would have been lamented as Ga^oOs on the north-west coast of Greece
he would almost certainly have been called "ASco^'cs. And (/^), as Reinach himself points
out, the precise epithet Trav/^iyas is not known to occur as a divine appellative except in
a Byzantine (first half of x. xii a.d.) description of Zeus (Theod. Prodr. Rhod. et Dos. 8.
1 16 Ci Trdfifjieya ZeC). See further G. A. Gerhard ' Der Tod des grossen Pan' in the