wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak SWARCO Futurit Verkehrssignalssysteme GmbH Andreas Gerstinger Vienna University of Technology 21.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 21-1 21.2 The Meaning of Safety.................................................................... 21-1 21.3 Safety Standards.............................................................................. 21-2 Overview of Safety Standards. •. Basics of IEC61508 21.4 The Safety Lifecycle and Safety Methods.................................... 21-4 Generic Lifecycle. •. HAZOP. •. FMEA. •. Fault Tree Analysis. •. Safety Cases 21.5 Safety Approach for Industrial Communication System......... 21-8 Overview of Safety-Related Systems. •. Hazard and Risk Analysis. •. Failure Mitigation Acronyms................................................................................................... 21-15 References.................................................................................................. 21-15 21.1 Introduction Industrial communication systems take over more and more critical tasks. The criticality of the tasks can be of various types. One of the most common requirements is the achievement of a certain level of availability, in order to reduce times when a system is not productive. Therefore, a certain level of availability is economically necessary. As soon as such systems take over tasks that are critical for the safety of people or the environment, availability alone is not enough, but it is also necessary to achieve a certain level of safety integrity. The following are the typical safety functions in the field of industrial communication systems [WRA07]: • Emergency stop of an engine: In case of an emergency (e.g., an operator can be hurt), an engine has to stop immediately. • Unexpected starting of an engine (safe torque off): In case of maintenance activities, it shall not be possible that the engine starts unexpectedly. • Safe reduced velocity: It shall be guaranteed that the maximum safe level of velocity is not exceeded. Exceeding must be detected and velocity reduced. All safety functions reduce the likelihood of a person being hurt. The requirements to be met by such safety functions are specified in standards that are either generic, specific for a domain such as industrial communication systems, or application dependent. All of them have in common that they specify a lifecycle model where a hazard and risk analysis, a safety requirements specification, a safety analysis, and safety validation are the crucial activities. 21.2 the Meaning of Safety Safety is a property that is generally highly desired by the public. Safety consciousness is a property that is continuously increasing, and the demands that society puts on technical systems regarding their safety is increasing at the same rate. The term safety can be interpreted very broadly. Safety is used in various 21-1 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
21-2 Industrial Communication Systems contexts, such as electrical safety, personal safety, safety on the streets, system safety, or functional safety. In this chapter, we are exclusively concerned with the latter. We use the definitions according to [IEC61508]. Safety is defined as “freedom from unacceptable risk of harm.” and functional safety is the part of the overall safety that relates to the correct functioning of some system (e.g., a control system or an industrial communication system) to maintain safety. The functions that need to be performed correctly in order to achieve safety can hence be classified as safety related. Generally, safety is not an absolute property. To state that the risk related to a specific system has been reduced to zero is generally not a realistic statement. Risk—measured as a combination of probability and severity of an undesired event—is something that we are confronted with continuously. The crucial question is the risk acceptability. What level of risk are we willing to accept. This complex question will not be delved into here, but it should be said that this depends on society, on time, and on the domain in question. Luckily, for industrial communication and control systems, this question has already been posed and answered many times, such that reference can be made to these results. Safety should not be confused with security: Security is concerned with the protection against intentional attacks, in order to safeguard integrity, confidentiality, and availability of services. Safety is concerned with the avoidance of unintended accidents involving harm to people and the environment. A common denominator is that both disciplines—safety and security—have the goal of avoiding unwanted events. This also makes it hard to determine the success of safety (and security) measures, since they were successful if something unwanted does not happen. A basic concept in safety engineering is the concept of a hazard. A hazard is defined as a “potential source of harm” [IEC61508]. If all hazards are identified and corrected and adequate measures are taken to control and mitigate the hazards, safety is achieved. This is the reason why the identification of hazards has to be done at the very beginning of system development. Typical hazards for industrial communication systems would be the loss or corruption of a message. The importance of hazards and their identification before they actually cause an accident also highlights the proactive nature of safety. Safety engineering is concerned with predicting unwanted events before they happen, not (only) to learn from failures. 21.3 Safety Standards In order to guarantee the achievement of a well-defined goal, in our case sufficient safety, standardization plays an important role. Standardization helps to make systems interoperable and comparable. The goal of safety standards is to devise generally applicable rules and recommendations, in order to be able to build, operate, and maintain a safety-related system. 21.3.1 Overview of Safety Standards The general problem with standards is that they must achieve a compromise between general applicability and practical usefulness for specific systems giving concrete guidance. A high-level standard may be applicable to a wide range of systems, but in order to be applicable to such a large group of systems, it must make several generalizations, which make the standard less understandable for the engineers building a system in a specific domain. Standards that contain a lot of specific information are on the other hand only applicable for a small number of systems and applications. In order to handle this compromise, standards are often classified as generic, domain specific, and application specific. Standards are abundant, and there is no exception in the domain of safety-critical and safety-related systems. A selection of some standards that are all concerned with safety-related systems can be found in Figure 21.1. Bear in mind that this is surely not a comprehensive figure, but it illustrates the proliferation of safety standards. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-3 (A
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Page 294 and 295: 20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Embedded Networks in Civilian Aircr
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-3 during star
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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Process Automation 25-9 challenging
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Process Automation 25-11 Looking at
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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Protocols in Power Generation 29-3
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-9 32.5 Cyclic Data Exch
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Profibus 32-11 Buscycle T DP T DX G
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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INTERBUS 33-9 4.5 4 3.5 PL = 1 byte
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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WorldFip 34-5 TABLE 34.1 Variable N
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WorldFip 34-7 Write service Read se
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WorldFip 34-9 t r (20 µs) ID_DAT(2
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WorldFip 34-13 Not enough time to p
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WorldFip 34-15 47: else 48: load_fu
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WorldFip 34-17 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-3 The devices acting as M
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Modbus 36-5 Request APDU Response A
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Modbus 36-11 sequence “CR” “L
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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PROFINET 40-5 switches or a line to
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PROFINET 40-7 For data exchange wit
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PROFINET 40-9 31.25 μs ≤ Tsend_c
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PROFINET 40-11 40.4 Engineering and
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PROFINET 40-13 40.4.5 redundancy Th
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PROFINET 40-15 Acronyms AR CR DCP D
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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LIN-Bus 45-3 System design tool Clu
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LIN-Bus 45-5 Reverse battery protec
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LIN-Bus 45-7 times, followed by a s
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LIN-Bus 45-9 45.5.8 Frame Types The
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LIN-Bus 45-13 effective, and there
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-3 is linked to the saf
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SafetyLon 47-5 In detail, a hardwar
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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SafetyLon 47-9 base. Typically, suc
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SafetyLon 47-11 Input source file(s
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SafetyLon 47-13 Acronyms 1oo2 COTS
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-5 A
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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ZigBee 50-9 ZigBee router (FFD) Sen
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor Net
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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WiMAX in Industry 52-3 However, the
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WiMAX in Industry 52-5 represents a
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WiMAX in Industry 52-7 Technical St
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-3 8
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-5 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-7 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-9 I
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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