wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Functional Safety 21-15 implementing the marching bit test [HOE86]. The level of the diagnostic coverage depends on the faults revealed by the test. Tests with a high level detect faults according to the DC-fault model, others only detect stuck-at faults [IEC61508]. Tests of the nonvolatile read-only memory rely on safety measures like parity bits, checksums, or CRCs, whereas diagnostic coverage of the first is low and the last is high. The data stored is split up in blocks of equal length and each block is safeguarded with a safety measure. During operation, the CRC or checksum of the block is recalculated and verified with the stored one. In case of equality, the integrity of data is guaranteed. The CPU test consists of the test of the registers used (equal to the test of the volatile memory), the stack test, the flag test, and the test of the CPU’s arithmetic logic unit (ALU): • Stack test: Testing the stack pointer without manipulation of the program flow is not possible. Consequently, the stack test is reduced to the verification of a stack overflow, which is the most common stack fault. Therefore, a defined bit mask is stored at the upper and lower bound of the stack. It is checked periodically, if the bit mask remains unchanged. In case of a changed bit mask, it is obvious that a stack overflow occurred resulting in an undefined and unsafe behavior. • Flag test: Testing the flags is done by setting and resetting the CPU flags and verification of the results. In addition, the conditional execution of instructions has to be verified. • Arithmetic logic unit: The test of the ALU should cover all physical paths within the CPU. Obviously, the problem is that the entire CPU layout is unknown and, more important, too complex for a comprehensive analysis. In order to address this problem, the instruction set of the microcontroller is separated into command classes. Command classes are, e.g., the AND and the MOV command. For every command class, the input values are chosen so that every bit of the output performs a “1–0” and a “0–1” transition. All the safety requirements and safety measures result in additional safety-related firmware. In most cases, it is logically located above ISO/OSI layer 7 of the standard protocol stack. And another consequence is that mostly a dual channel hardware architecture (see Table 21.4) is required. In other words, the standard hardware of a node is extended with a safety controller to allow cross-comparison of data. Acronyms 1oo2 DC EUC FIT FMEA FTA GSN HAZOP SIL One out of two Direct current Equipment under control Failure in time Failure mode and effect analysis Fault tree analysis Goal structuring notation Hazard and operability study Safety integrity level References [BOE04] J. Börcsök. Electronic Safety Systems. Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2004, 107 pp. [DS00-58] Ministry of Defence. HAZOP studies on systems containing programmable electronics. U.K. Defence Standard. Def Stan 00-58. Ministry of Defence, Glasgow, U.K., 2000. [GIE95] K. Gieck and R. Gieck. Technische Formelsammlung. Gieck Verlag, Germering, Germany, 1995. [GS-ET26] BG-PRÜFZERT, Fachausschuss Elektrotechnik. GS-ET-26—Bussysteme für die Übertragung sicherheitsrelevanter Nachrichten. Prüfgrundsätze, Köln, Deutschland, Germany, 2002. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
21-16 Industrial Communication Systems [HOE86] H. Hölscher and J. Rader, Microcomputers in Safety Technique, An Aid to Orientation for Developer and Manufacturer. TÜV Rheinland, Cologne, Germany, 1986. [IEC60812] Analysis techniques for system reliability—Procedure for failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [IEC61025] Fault tree analysis (FTA). International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [IEC61508] Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems. International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2000. [Kel&04] T. Kelly and R. Weaver. The goal structuring notation—A safety argument notation. Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). Florence, Italy, 2004. [KOO04] Ph. Koopman and T. Chakravarty. Cyclic redundancy code (CRC) polynomial selection for embedded networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, Florence, Italy, pp. 145–154, June 28–July 1, 2004. [LIG02] P. Liggesmeyer. Software Qualität. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2002. [PHO97] Phoenix Contact (Publisher). Grundkurs Sensor-Aktor-Feldbustechnik. Vogel-Verlag, Würzburg, Germany, 1997. [REI01] D. Reinert and M. Schaefer (Publisher). Sichere Bussysteme in der Automation. Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2001, 32 pp. [VDI2184] VDI 2184. Reliable operation and maintenance of field bus systems. Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, Germany, 2008. [WRA07] P. Wratil and M. Kieviet. Sicherheitstechnik für Komponenten und Systeme. Hüthig Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2007, 150 pp. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Av
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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Media 2-17 TABLE 2.3 Overview of Di
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-3 me
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-5
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-7 Fi
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-9 in
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-11 R
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-13 1
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-15 [
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-3 t
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-5 S
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-7 d
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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7-10 Industrial Communication Syste
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10-10 Industrial Communication Syst
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-3 (A
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-5 is
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-7 fu
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-9 An
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-13 A
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Industrial Agent Technology 16-15 2
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Page 294 and 295: 20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Page 302 and 303: 21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Page 314 and 315: TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-3 during star
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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Process Automation 25-9 challenging
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Process Automation 25-11 Looking at
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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Building and Home Automation 26-3 2
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Building and Home Automation 26-5 p
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Building and Home Automation 26-7 T
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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Protocols in Power Generation 29-3
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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Communications in Medical Applicati
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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Controller Area Network 31-3 TABLE
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Controller Area Network 31-5 • Bi
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Controller Area Network 31-7 I/O Ap
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Controller Area Network 31-9 TTCAN:
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Controller Area Network 31-11 nth E
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Controller Area Network 31-13 TABLE
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Controller Area Network 31-15 11. G
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-9 32.5 Cyclic Data Exch
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Profibus 32-11 Buscycle T DP T DX G
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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INTERBUS 33-9 4.5 4 3.5 PL = 1 byte
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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WorldFip 34-5 TABLE 34.1 Variable N
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WorldFip 34-7 Write service Read se
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WorldFip 34-9 t r (20 µs) ID_DAT(2
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WorldFip 34-11 TABLE 34.3 BAT (Usin
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WorldFip 34-13 Not enough time to p
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WorldFip 34-15 47: else 48: load_fu
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WorldFip 34-17 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-9 Field Inst
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-3 The devices acting as M
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Modbus 36-5 Request APDU Response A
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Modbus 36-7 For more details regard
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Modbus 36-9 In Modbus serial, frame
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Modbus 36-11 sequence “CR” “L
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Modbus 36-13 36.7 Example A typical
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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Industrial Ethernet 37-9 Tcnet [21]
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Industrial Ethernet 37-11 12. IEEE
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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PROFINET 40-5 switches or a line to
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PROFINET 40-7 For data exchange wit
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PROFINET 40-9 31.25 μs ≤ Tsend_c
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PROFINET 40-11 40.4 Engineering and
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PROFINET 40-13 40.4.5 redundancy Th
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PROFINET 40-15 Acronyms AR CR DCP D
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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LIN-Bus 45-3 System design tool Clu
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LIN-Bus 45-5 Reverse battery protec
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LIN-Bus 45-7 times, followed by a s
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LIN-Bus 45-9 45.5.8 Frame Types The
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-3 is linked to the saf
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SafetyLon 47-5 In detail, a hardwar
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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SafetyLon 47-9 base. Typically, suc
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SafetyLon 47-11 Input source file(s
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SafetyLon 47-13 Acronyms 1oo2 COTS
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-5 A
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-11
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-13
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor Net
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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WiMAX in Industry 52-3 However, the
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WiMAX in Industry 52-5 represents a
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WiMAX in Industry 52-7 Technical St
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-3 8
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-5 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-7 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-9 I
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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