wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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WiMAX in Industry 52-3 However, the terms fixed WiMAX, mobile WiMAX, “802.16,” “802.16d,” and “802.16e” are frequently used incorrectly. The clarifications follow: • The IEEE 802 Standards Committee develops LAN standards and MAN standards [3], available for download at http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/. • The IEEE 802.16 Working Group on broadband wireless access standards develops standards and recommended practices to support the development and deployment of broadband WirelessMAN [4]. • 802.16-2004 is often called 802.16d, named after the IEEE Standard “Task Group d” that produced it and covers the “Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems.” Specifically, IEEE Standard 802.16 revised by the Task Group d resulted in 802.16-REVd, later on published as 802.16-2004 (replacing IEEE Standards 802.16-2001, 802.16c-2002, and 802.16a-2003) [5]. It is also frequently referred to as “fixed WiMAX” since it has no support for mobility. • 802.16e-2005 is often called 802.16e, named after the “Task Group e” that developed it. This amendment to IEEE Standard 802.16 is covering “PHY and MAC layers for combined fixed and mobile operation in licensed bands.” It introduced support for mobility, among other things and is, therefore, also known as “mobile WiMAX” [6,7]. 52.2 the WiMAX Broadband Technology Growing popularity of WiMAX broadband access technology, similarly to cellular phone technologies such as global system for mobile communications or GSM (originally from groupe spécial mobile) and code division multiple access or CDMA, is becoming especially evident in rural areas, as it does not require wired broadband connections. It is to be expected that WiMAX will, in addition to being used as a wireless backhaul technology for 2G, 3G, and 4G networks, be also instrumental in further deployment and growth of Wi-Fi hotspots. While current operation of most Wi-Fi hotspots is based on wired broadband connections, in future, WiMAX could serve as a faster and cheaper alternative to wired backhaul for these hotspots. Using the point-tomultipoint transmission capabilities of WiMAX to serve as backhaul links to hotspots could substantially improve the business case for Wi-Fi hotspots and provide further momentum for hotspot deployment [8]. 52.2.1 Backhaul/Access Network Applications Backhaul, in telecommunications, typically refers to intermediate links between the backbone and smaller subnetworks of the overall network (local access points [APs] and the backbone network) [2]. The potential to serve as the backhaul connection to the rapidly increasing market of Wi-Fi hotspots paved the way for the WiMAX in the urban but also in non-urban areas. An exploding number of Wi-Fi hotspots is being deployed in public areas such as convention centers, hotels, airports, and coffee shops in the United States and other developed markets [8]. In addition, WiMAX technology can serve as overlay to cable, DSL, data and telecommunication services. Often advertised as the “combination of the mobility you love about your cell phone with the speed you want from broadband,” WiMAX providers are continually growing the coverage of “portable Internet” and “Broadband On The Go” [9–11]. Deploying WiMAX in rural areas with limited or no Internet backbone will be challenging as additional methods and hardware will be required to procure sufficient bandwidth from the nearest sources—the difficulty being in proportion to the distance between the end user and the nearest sufficient Internet backbone. A WiMAX tower station can connect directly to the Internet either via a broadband wired connection or to another WiMAX tower using a microwave, line-of-sight link (LOS). The advantageous characteristic of WiMAX is exactly the backhaul, i.e., the ability to bridge the rural areas via LOS connection to another tower. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
52-4 Industrial Communication Systems Table 52.1 The Mobile Standards Comparison 3G Wi-Fi: 802.11 WiMAX: 802.16 Mobile-Fi Max speed 2.Mbps 54.Mbps 100.Mbps 16.Mbps Area coverage Several miles 300.ft 50 miles Several miles Licensing model Licensed Unlicensed Either Licensed Advantages Range, mobility Speed, price Speed, range Speed, mobility Disadvantages Slow, expensive Short range Interference issues High price Table 52.2 WiMAX vs. WLAN and PAN PAN WLAN WiMAX IEEE standard 802.15 802.11 a/b/g 802.16 a/d/e Radius
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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