wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimedia source Analog: RS-4xx Digital USB Firewire Cameralink Bluetooth .................... Multimedia processing node Ethernet Fast-Ethernet WiFi WiMAX PAN LAN RDSI ADSL SDSL WiMAX MAN/WAN FIGURE 27.2 Multimedia communications in industrial environment. TABLE 27.1 Image Resolutions in Multimedia Applications Name Resolution Mbps Name Resolution Mbps SQCIF 128 × 96 8.84 QCIF 176 × 144 18.2 CIF 352 × 288 72.9 4CIF 704 × 576 291.9 QQVGA 160 × 120 13.8 QVGA 320 × 240 55.2 VGA 640 × 480 221.1 SVGA 800 × 600 345.6 XGA 1024 × 768 556.2 UXGA 1600 × 1200 1,382.4 QXGA 2048 × 1536 2264.9 SXGA 1280 × 1024 943.7 QSXGA 2560 × 2048 2831.1 HSXGA 5120 × 4096 15,099.5 WVGA 852 × 480 294.4 WXGA 1366 × 768 755.34 WSXGA 1600 × 1024 1179.6 WUXGA 1920 × 1200 1,658.8 WOXGA 2560 × 1600 2949.1 WQSXGA 3200 × 2048 4,718.6 WQUXGA 3840 × 2400 6635.5 WHSXGA 6400 × 4096 18,874.36 WHUXGA 7680 × 4800 26542.0 HD480 852 × 480 294.4 HD720 1280 × 720 663.5 HD1080 1920 × 1080 1,492.9 These networks have transmission capacities ranging from kbps to Gbps. Image resolutions can also be wide ranging, as can be seen in Table 27.1, where some of the currently existing resolutions are enumerated and where the bandwidth necessary for raw transmission with a rate of 30 images/s, expressed in megabit per second (Mbps), is shown. In monitoring applications, there is more freedom to choose resolutions and capture rates, but with some restrictions. For example, in a security application in which the movement of people is being monitored, the capture speed must ensure that someone’s passing is captured in at least one image. Further, the resolution used will determine if their face can be identified or not. In control applications there is less freedom, and these parameters are strictly defined by the application requirements. If the objects being monitored move at a speed of 600 objects/min, at least 10 images/s must be captured. If the objects have a dimension of 500 × 500.mm and 4 pixels/mm are needed to guarantee the target of © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
27-4 Industrial Communication Systems the image processing application, then 2000 × 2000 pixels will be necessary, captured by a sensor with a sufficient resolution. This means that a transmission capacity of at least approximately 960.Mbps is required. In the case of industrial applications where 3D information is needed, this value has to be multiplied by the number of cameras needed. Due to these high data rates, it is sometimes necessary to use image compression/decompression, although these operations can introduce latency into the process. Depending on the effectiveness of the compression and also the limits imposed by the type of application, this process will produce a compression ratio, normally expressed in X:1, being X the number of bytes that can be represented using only 1 byte, or in bpp, thus expressing the reduction as well. For example, an image of 800 × 600 pixels with 24 bpp requires 11,520,000 bits, which is 1.44 Mbyte. If we compress using a 5:1 ratio, there will be 2,304,000 bits, giving an equivalent compression ratio of 4.8 bpp. 27.2 Multimedia Compression: A Review The aim of image compression is to reduce the application’s bandwidth requirements (or storage in other application types) without distorting significantly the original information, although this causes latencies, as it can be seen in Figure 27.3. Distortion or errors generated by the compression and decompression process of the image must be limited and have to be measured: e( x, y) = f ( x, y) − g( x, y) (27.1) In Figure 27.3, we can see how the original image must go through a series of steps to achieve a reduction of the information to be transmitted. This will cause a latency T c (compression time) that will depend on the complexity of the algorithm used. The compressed information must then be transmitted through the network, which means it is necessary to packetize the information and wait a period of time that will depend on the scheduling policy of the source and the priority of the multimedia information with regard to other information that is using the same medium (e.g., an alarm could have more priority). Finally, we have to access the medium and carry out the transmission of the information. This process will introduce a latency T t (transmission time) that will be smaller the more efficient the compression process has been. There is also an unpack/reception time, but this is almost insignificant, and above all, a decompression time (T u ) depending on the chosen compressor. There are several classifications of compressors, depending on the distortion that they introduce in the source, the complexity of the transmitter and receiver, and the type of redundancy employed. In the first place, there are compressors with or without losses. Lossless compressors do not distort the image, that is, f(x, y) = g(x, y). These compressors are not used in excess because the rate of compression they can achieve is approximately 2:1, which restricts their use in the industrial area. However, they are used in other types of applications, such as medical applications, where degradation that can distort the medical diagnosis is not tolerated and where transmission latencies are not critical. In other types of f (x, y) Original image Received image g(x, y) Compression Transmission Uncompression Image preparation Transformation domain Quantization Encoding Packetization Scheduling Reverse process Previous image Motion analysis Access medium Transmission T c T t T u FIGURE 27.3 General multimedia application scheme. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Av
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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