wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End device Star Cluster-tree Mesh FIGURE 50.6 ZigBee network topologies and classes of device. 50.5.3 Network Layer Network layer (NWK) enables routing and multi-hop communication between devices in star, mesh, or tree topology. The NWK provides two types of basic services; data services and management services. The data services include a network layer protocol data unit (NPDU), transmitting NPDU to the next hop, and applying NWK security. The management services allow applications to interact with the ZigBee protocol stack. The management services include configuring a new device, establishing a new network, joining and leaving a network, assigning address to devices joining the network, neighborhood discovery, and route discovery. The devices in a ZigBee network are either reduced function device (RFD) or full function device (FFD). RFD is simple in terms of hardware and software complexity. It is only restricted to start topology, is incapable of network routing, is low power, and is potentially low cost because of reduced functionality. On the other hand, FFD is more resourceful, has routing capability, and is generally powered by mains power supply. RFD only communicates with FFD while FFD can communicate with another FFD and/or RFD. ZigBee devices are logically divided into three different classes; an end device, a router, and a coordinator (Figure 50.6). The responsibilities of a PAN coordinator comprise initiating new network, managing the network nodes, and storing network information, for instance, security keys. There is exactly one PAN coordinator per ZigBee network and is an FFD. Router is an optional FFD component in ZigBee network and is used to extend network coverage, allocation and de-allocation of addresses, and routing between nodes. End devices implement user applications and can either be FFD or RFD but do not participate in data forwarding. In start topology, communication is done only through PAN coordinator and follows a master/slave paradigm. In mesh topology, any device can talk to any other device. Such a topology is ad hoc, selforganizing, and self-healing, and employs multi-hop communication. Mesh topology allows multiple paths from a given source to destination and thus increases reliability. If one breaks, the data are sent via another path transparently. Cluster-tree topology is a hybrid (star plus mesh) approach where PAN coordinator designates itself as a cluster-head and forms a tree around itself. Although such a topology increases coverage area, it introduces additional delays. The routing algorithms that are used in ZigBee networks are hierarchical and have potential for table optimizations. Commonly used algorithms include a routing algorithm similar to Ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and cluster-tree algorithm. 50.5.4 application Layer The APL of ZigBee protocol stack is composed of application support (APS) sub-layer, application framework, and ZDO. The APS provides an interface to the NWK. The services provided by APS comprise data transmission, fragmentation and reassembly, reliable data transport, security, device binding, and maintenance of APS information base (a database containing information about managed objects). Application objects (manufacturer-defined components that implement the application) reside in application framework. A total of 240 distinct application objects can be defined with IDs ranging from 1 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
50-8 Industrial Communication Systems to 240; 241 to 254 are reserved for future use while 0 and 255 are reserved to identify interfaces (0, data interface to ZDO; 255, data interface to broadcast to all application objects). ZDO reside within APL and on the top of APS sub-layer. ZDO provides common functionality for all applications. The main responsibilities of the ZDO include • Initializing APS, NWK, and security service provider • Device and service discovery within a single PAN • Managing security by employing key management like key establishment, key transport, key request, and updating and removing device • Managing network by classifying devices into coordinator, routers, and end devices • Creating and maintaining binding tables • Node management for FFDs, e.g., retrieval of routing and/or binding table 50.6 Development and Industrial Applications The ZigBee specifications were developed by the ZigBee Alliance as an effort to establish a standardized base set of solutions for sensor and control systems requiring low data rates and low power consumption. Typical applications that are targeted by ZigBee are • Home and building automation • Smart energy Table 50.3 Development Platforms of ZigBee Chipset Manufacturers Manufacturer Atmel Freescale TI Features RF Transceiver for IEEE 802.15.4 PHY Microcontroller ZigBee Stack AT86RF212 for 800/900.MHz band AT86RF231 for 2.4.GHz band MC13192 for 2.4.GHz band MC13202 for 2.4.GHz band AVR/AVR32 Risc controller with in-system programmable flash MC9S08GT Flexis ultralowpower MC9S08QE128 (8 bit) and MCF51QE128 (32 bit) MC1321x System in Package (SiP) MC1322x Platform in a Package (PiP) CC2420 for 2.4.GHz band CC2520 for 2.4.GHz band 8051 MSP430 ZigBee Pro Stack Embedded Operating System for Application Layer BitCloud BitCloud FreeRTOS TinyOS μC/OS-II NORTi RTOS BeeStack BeeStack FreeRTOS μC/OS-II Z-Stack Z-Stack FreeRTOS TinyOS μC/OS-II CC2430 System on Chip (SoC) CC2431 System on Chip (SoC) CC2480 ZigBee Network Processor with Z-Stack + MSP430 Ember EM250 System on Chip EmberZNet Stack EmberZNet Pro Stack Microchip MRF24J40/MA/ MB PIC18, PIC24, dsPIC, and PIC32 families Microchip ZigBee 2006 Protocol Stack (AN1232) Microchip ZigBee PRO (AN1255) FreeRTOS TinyOS FreeRTOS © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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