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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with proxies and firewalls), it also has many disadvantages. It does not support multicast, only unicast. Therefore, if more than one node is listening to the stream, several connections have to be established that use the corresponding multiple of the necessary bandwidth. Furthermore, HTTP is based on TCP, which is a reliable protocol, that is, it does perform retransmission of packets that were not transmitted correctly. This is completely inadequate for real-time transmission because the retransmitted data will often be late and, therefore, useless. In fact, the use of HTTP is just an extension of progressive download (the presentation of a multimedia file starts while downloading), but it was never designed for real streaming. A much more suitable protocol for transmission of multimedia data is real-time transport protocol (RTP) as proposed in RFC1889, which is usually based on UDP and in principle supports multicast as well as unicast. It also includes timestamps, which are used for synchronization purposes; but it has to deal with the fact that in IP networks there is no global time base that is synchronized automatically. Real-time streaming protocol (RTSP) can be used for setting up the transmission. There are also proprietary protocols like Microsoft media server (MMS) or Real delivery transport (RDT) and others. They have similar features and are used by the tools of the corresponding companies (Microsoft, RealNetworks, etc.). Many different (open and proprietary) formats for audio and video exist and can be transmitted in an RTP stream [W05]. Concerning audio, the most important open formats are uncompressed audio with 16, 20, or 24 bit resolution and MPEG compressed audio streams. For video, RFC2250 specifies how to transmit MPEG video elementary streams. If audio and video are to be transmitted in one stream, MPEG-2 transport streams can be used, but the concept of RTP is to transport each media in a separate stream rather than using multiplexes. Digital video in the DV format of IEC 61834 [IEC61834-2] can be transported in RTP according to RFC3189 [IEC61883-2]. However, it should be mentioned that this is a format commonly used on IEEE 1394 [IEC61883-2] but not on IP networks. Important proprietary formats are RealAudio and RealVideo. IPv6, the successor of IP version 4, has some advantages concerning multimedia streaming. Multicast has been integrated into IPv6, so every compliant implementation supports multicast. There are features (especially the flow labels should be mentioned) that make the provision of QoS for streams easier. The functionality of Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is integrated into ICMPv6 (Internet control message protocol). The “multicast listener discovery” (MLD) used for the signaling between routers and hosts is a subprotocol of ICMPv6. 27.5 Conclusions Multimedia has a wide range of applications in the industrial area. These applications also have a wide range of requirements, like resolution, frame rates, image quality, latency, etc. Industrial communications networks provide the necessary infrastructure for many applications. In this chapter, industrial multimedia applications and their particular requirements are discussed. Compression technology, which is needed in many applications due to bandwidth or storage limitations, is briefly reviewed. Finally, two different examples of network and the associate protocols for transmission of multimedia data are presented. Acknowledgment This work was partially supported by de MCYT of Spain under the project TSI2007-66637-C02-02. References [A99] D. Anderson. FireWire System Architecture: IEEE 1394a, 2nd edn., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1999. ISBN 0-201-48535-04. [AST03] A. S. Tanenbaum. Computer Networks. Paerson Education International, 4th edn., Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2003. ISBN 0-13-038488-7. [CSE00] C. Christopoulos, A. Skodras, and T. Ebrahimi. The JPEG2000 still image coding system: an overview, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 46(4), 1103–1127, 2000. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
27-12 Industrial Communication Systems [IEC61883-1] IEC. Consumer Audio/Video Equipment—Digital Interface—Part 1: General. Standard IEC 61883-1, 1st edn., IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, February 1998. [IEC61834-2] IEC. Recording—Helical-Scan Digital Video Cassette Recording System Using 6,35 mm Magnetic Tape for Consumer Use (525–60, 625–50, 1125–60 and 1250–50 systems)—Part 2: SD Format for 525–60 and 625–50 Systems. Standard IEC 61834-2, 1st edn., IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, August 1998. [IEC61883-2] IEC. Consumer Audio/Video Equipment—Digital Interface—Part 2: SD-DVCR Data Transmission. Standard IEC 61883-2, 1st edn., IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, February 1998. [IEC61883-6] IEC. Consumer Audio/Video Equipment—Digital Interface—Part 6: Audio and Music Data Transmission Protocol. Standard IEC 61883-6, 1st edn., IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, October 2002. [IEC61883-4] IEC. Consumer Audio/Video Equipment—Digital Interface—Part 4: MPEG2-TS Data Transmission. Standard IEC 61883-4, 1st edn., IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, February 1998. [IEEE1394] IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus. Standard IEEE 1394-1995, New York, 1995. [IEEE1394a] IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus—Amendment 1. Standard IEEE 1394a-2000, New York, March 2000. [IEEE1394b] IEEE Computer Society. IEEE Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus—Amendment 2. Standard IEEE 1394b-2002, New York, December 2002. [IIDC1394] 1394 Trade Association. IIDC 1394-based Digital Camera Specification Ver.1.31, TA Document 2003017, Grapevine, TX, February 2004. [ISO94] Information Technology-Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous Tone Still Images: Requirements and Guidelines. International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Comission (ISO/IEC) 10918-1, Geneva, Switzerland, February 1994. [MPG2] ISO/IEC. Information Technology—Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio Information: Systems. International Standard ISO/IEC 13818-1, 2nd edn., Geneva, Switzerland ISO/IEC, 2000. [P98] J. R. Pimentel. Industrial multimedia system, IEEE Industrial Electronics Newsletter 45(2), 1998. [RSB99] S. M. Rahman, R. Sarker, B. Bignaill. Application of multimedia technology in manufacturing: A review, Computer in Industry 38, 43–52, 1999. [SAS06] V. Sempere, T. Albero, and J. Silvestre. Analysis of communication alternatives in a heterogeneous network for a supervision and control system, Computer Communications 29(8), 1133–114, 2006. [SS07] J. Silvestre and V. Sempere. An architecture for flexible scheduling in Profibus networks, Computer Standards & Interfaces 29, 546–560, 2007. [SSA04] J. Silvestre, V. Sempere, and T. Albero. Industrial video sequences for network performance evaluation, in Proceedings of International IEEE Factory Communication Systems, Vienna, Austria, 2004, pp. 343–347. [SSA07] J. Silvestre, V. Sempere, and T. Albero. Wireless metropolitan area networks for telemonitoring applications, in Proceedings of the Seventh IFAC International Conference on Fieldbuses & Networks in Industrial & Embedded System, Toulouse University, France, November 7–9, 2007. [VRZ07] M. Vranjez, S. Rimac-Drlje, and D. Zagar. Objective video quality metrics, in Proceedings of the 49th International IEEE Symposium ELMAR, Zadar, Croatia, September 12–14, 2007, pp. 45–49. [W05] M. Weihs. Multimedia streaming in home environments, in P. Lorenz and P. Dini, editors, Networking—ICN 2005: Fourth International Conference on Networking, Reunion Island, France, April 17–21, 2005; Proceedings, Part I, number 3420 in LNCS, pp. 873–881, Reunion Island, France, April 2005. IEEE, IEE, IARIA, Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-25339-4. doi: 10.1007/b107117. [W06] M. Weihs. Convergence of real-time audio and video streaming technologies. PhD dissertation, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 2006. [WBSS04] Z. Wang, C. Bovik, H. R. Sheikh, and E. P. Simoncelli. Image quality assessment: From visibility to structural Similarity, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13(4), 600–612, 2004. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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