wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP 61-9 Sliding window 1 2 3 4 5 Acknowledged bytes Bytes have been sent 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Bytes can be sent Bytes cannot be sent Pointer FIGURE 61.7 Sender buffer and sliding window protocol. amount of data and overflowing the incoming data buffer. This is implemented by controlling the timing when the acknowledgments are sent. If the receiving process consumes data at a faster rate than they arrive, then the receiver window expands. This information is passed to the sender as an option included in a segment so that the sender may synchronize the size if its sender window. This allows more data to be sent without receiving an acknowledgment. If the receiving process consumes data slower than they arrive, then the receiver buffer shrinks. In that case, the receiver must inform the sender to shrink the sender window as well. This causes transmission to wait for more frequent acknowledgments and prevents data from being sent without possibility of storing. If the receiving buffer is full, then the receiver may close (set to zero) the receiver window. The sender cannot send any more data until the receiver reopens the window. 61.2.6 Improving Flow Control In case when one or both communicating processes process the data slowly, then a problem leading to significant bandwidth waste may arise. In case of slow transmission caused by the receiving processes, the sliding window may be reduced even as low as to 1 byte. In case of slow transmission caused by the sender, data may be sent as soon as it is produced even with a large window, one byte at a time, as well. This causes use of segments that carry small data payload, and lowers the ration of carried data size to the total segment size, and to the total packet size in the underlying protocols. Extensive overview of these and other problems that may develop is provided by [RFC2525] and [RFC2757]. Due to size limitation of this article only two most commonly known problems are discussed and their classic solutions are provided here. To prevent this situation, data should not be sent immediately as and when it becomes available, but combined in larger chunks, provided that this approach is suitable for a particular application. Nagle found a very good and simple solution for the sender, which is called Nagle’s Algorithm [RFC896]. The algorithm can be described by the following three steps: • The first piece of data are sent immediately even if it is only 1 byte. • After sending the first segment, the sender waits for the acknowledgment segment or until enough data are accumulated to fill in the segment of the maximum segment size, whichever happens first. Then, it sends the next segment with data. • The previous step is repeated until the end of transmission. On the receiving side, two different solutions are frequently used. Clark proposed to send the acknowledgment as soon as the incoming segment arrives, but to set the window to zero if the receiving buffer is full (Figure 61.8b) [RFC813]. Then, to increase the buffer only after a maximum size of a segment can be received or half of the buffer becomes empty. The other solution is to delay the acknowledgment and thus prevent the sender from sending more segments with data. The latter of the two solutions creates less network traffic but it may cause unnecessary retransmission of segment, if the delay is too long. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
61-10 Industrial Communication Systems Congestion window size 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 08 06 04 02 Threshold Time-out New threshold (a) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Number of transmitted segments Sender Receiver Segment 1 seq:2001,5000 bytes 5000 ack:7001 win:0 ack:7001 win:1000 Buffer 1000 4000 Buffer Segment 2 seq:7001,1000 bytes Time (b) Time FIGURE 61.8 Congestion Control Window Size. Sender side (a) (upper/left), receiver side control (b) (lower/right). 61.2.7 Error Control TCP as a reliable protocol that uses unreliable underlying IP must implement error control. This error control includes detecting lost segments, out-of-order segments, corrupted segments, and duplicated segments. After detection, the error must be corrected. The error detection is implemented by using three features: segment checksum, segment acknowledgment, and time-out. Segments with incorrect checksum (Figure 61.9a) are discarded. Since TCP uses only positive acknowledgment, no negative acknowledgment can be sent, and both the corrupted segment error and the lost segment (Figure 61.9b) error are detected by time-out for receiving an acknowledgment by the sender. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Av
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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Media 2-17 TABLE 2.3 Overview of Di
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-5 S
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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Network-Based Control 20-5 message
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Network-Based Control 20-7 20.5.1 D
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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Functional Safety 21-11 TABLE 21.6
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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-3 during star
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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Process Automation 25-9 challenging
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Process Automation 25-11 Looking at
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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Protocols in Power Generation 29-3
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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Controller Area Network 31-7 I/O Ap
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-9 32.5 Cyclic Data Exch
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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INTERBUS 33-9 4.5 4 3.5 PL = 1 byte
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-3 The devices acting as M
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Modbus 36-5 Request APDU Response A
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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PROFINET 40-5 switches or a line to
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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Page 812 and 813: 60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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Page 824 and 825: Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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