wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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46-4 Industrial Communication Systems SIL3 Bin. I Sensor Logic operations Bin. O Actuator Anal. I 35% 1% 14% 1% 50% Safety integrity level (SIL) 3: 10 –7 /h (PROFIsafe-Portion: 1% = 10 –9 /h) FIGURE 46.4 Profisafe contribution to system failure rate. (Adapted from Specification PROFIsafe—Profile for safety technology, Version 1.30, June 2004, Order No: 3.092, PROFIBUS International.) device (F-Device). Implementation of the error-detection mechanism as separate firmware layers in the communicating devices allowed these constraints to be met. 46.2.1 Error-Detection Requirements The requirement for being able to designate a system as capable of operating at SIL 3 is that the system must exhibit a failure rate less than 10 −7 /h. This failure rate is for the entire system. However, a system is made up of several components and it must be determined what each component is allowed to contribute to the overall system failure rate. There were no precedents for safety systems involving digital communication systems. The IEC 61508 specifies the contributions to the overall system failure rate as 35% for sensors, 15% for logic controllers, and 50% for actuators. Therefore, the Working Group developing the Profisafe specifications chose a maximum of a 1% contribution allowed for Profisafe. This percentage contribution was deducted from the contribution of the logic controller and is now specified in IEC 61784-3. As one can see in Figure 46.4, this results in a required failure rate for the Profisafe contribution of only 10 −9 /h (10 −2 × 10 −7 ). 46.2.2 Error Types and Safeguards Various errors can occur when messages are transmitted, whether due to hardware failures, extraordinary electromagnetic interference, or other influences. A message can be lost, occur repeatedly, be inserted from somewhere else, appear delayed or in an incorrect sequence, and/or show corrupted data. In the case of safety communication, there may also be incorrect addressing—a standard message erroneously appears at an F-Device and pretends to be a safety message. Different transmission rates may additionally cause storage effects to occur. Of the numerous error types and safeguards known from literature, Profisafe concentrates on those shown in Figure 46.5. Although it can be detected by use of the consecutive number technique, an additional error type was identified for Profinet communication—that of the failure of revolving memory in switches. Since there is little control of what Ethernet switches a customer actually uses, some COTS (commercial, offthe-shelf) switches may be unreliable and lead to revolving memory failures as shown in Figure 46.6. Accidental “jumping” of the send pointer, for example, can cause emptying/sending of the entire queue of messages. 46.2.3 Cyclic/Acyclic Communication Cyclic data exchange between a controller and its field devices utilizes a one-to-one communication relationship as shown in Figure 46.7. This figure illustrates that a controller (F-Host) can operate any mix of standard and safety devices (F-Devices) connected to the same network. Safety tasks and © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Profisafe 46-5 Error type: Remedy: (Virtual) consecutive number Time out with receipt Code name for sender and receiver Data consistency check Repetition Deletion Insertion Resequencing Data corruption Delay Masquerade (standard message mimics failsafe) Revolving memory failures within switches FIGURE 46.5 Error types and safeguards. (Adapted from Specification PROFIsafe—Profile for safety technology, Version 1.30, June 2004, Order No: 3.092, PROFIBUS International.) Receive pointer Send pointer FIGURE 46.6 Possible queuing problems in switches. (Adapted from Specification PROFIsafe—Profile for safety technology, Version 1.30, June 2004, Order No: 3.092, PROFIBUS International.) F-PLC Device F-Device F-Device Cyclic communication Acyclic communication FIGURE 46.7 Profisafe cyclic/acyclic communication. (Adapted from Stripf, W. and Barthel, H., Comprehensive safety with PROFIBUS DP and PROFINET IO—Training for “PROFIsafe certified designers.”) © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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Network-Based Control 20-5 message
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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Functional Safety 21-9 TABLE 21.4 S
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Functional Safety 21-11 TABLE 21.6
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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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23 Secure Communication Using Chaos
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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WorldFip 34-5 TABLE 34.1 Variable N
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WorldFip 34-7 Write service Read se
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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PROFINET 40-5 switches or a line to
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PROFINET 40-7 For data exchange wit
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Page 652 and 653: 47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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WiMAX in Industry 52-5 represents a
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WiMAX in Industry 52-7 Technical St
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-5 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-7 F
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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