wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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55-20 Industrial Communication Systems with lower guarantees are sufficient. For example, when switching on a siren to warn of the occurrence of an alarm, the “at least once” semantics would be sufficient. Another issue is that of event ordering. If two events are generated inside one device in the order EV1, EV2, these are not guaranteed to arrive at another device in the same order. If an application relies on the ordering of events to correctly execute its algorithms, care should be taken to choose communication service interface FBs whose implementation guarantees message delivery in the same order. Some implementations of the communication service interface FBs may allow quality of service (QoS) parameters to be specified. Others may have fixed QoS parameters. In conclusion, one should be careful of the exact semantics implemented by the service interface FBs as these may affect the outcome of the IEC 61499 control application. 55.12 Failures in Distributed Applications Although distributed applications may have many advantages, they are not without their drawbacks. One of these, as was discussed previously, is the fact that the communication network may exhibit failures that will affect the outcome of the application execution. Another is the failure of the devices executing the control logic itself. When writing an industrial strength control application, usually all failure modes of the controlled process must be taken into account, so that the physical machinery under control always remains in a safe state. Likewise, the failure of the controlling devices, i.e., the PLCs executing the logic and the communication networks linking them, must also be taken into account. For applications that run on a single PLC, usually either the control application fails completely when the executing PLC fails or it does not fail at all. Complete failures of the control application are usually handled by external safety devices. However, when writing a distributed application, one must be careful of how this application may fail, as it may have partial failures when one or more, but not all, of the PLCs that are executing the distributed control application fail. Even more likely is the possibility of failure of the communication network that connects the distributed PLCs. Now, to overcome partial failures of a distributed application, the application itself must be aware of this scenario and be prepared to take appropriate action when it occurs. However, in order to do so, it must first be able to identify the fact that a partial failure occurred (be it on the communication network or another executing device). This identification may be done either at the application level or by the communication service interface function blocks (SIFBs). IEC 61499 communication SIFBs typically indicate the presence of failures by emitting local events while their QO output is set to false. However, as was stated previously, the capacity of a communication SIFB to detect the failure and consequently emit the event depends on the underlying communication protocol. For example, some protocols include “keep alive” messages that are exchanged even when no data need to be transmitted so that the lack of these messages may be safely assumed to be the result of a failure. When communication SIFBs are not able to identify failures, then these will need to be identified at the application level. One simple means of doing this is to configure the control applications to periodically call the PUBLISH and/or CLIENT (or SEND, as in our example) SIFB, even when no new data need to be transmitted. Another possibility is the implementation of handshakes and timeouts at the application level. 55.13 Conclusion The FBs of IEC 61499 are a powerful architectural model for abstract yet executable specification of distributed control systems. It can be further extended by adding communication over any particular network protocol. Interfaces to the protocol need to be implemented in libraries of CIFBs. Advanced software tools can make adding the explicit communication seamless and hidden from the user. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Communication Aspects of IEC 61499 Architecture 55-21 References 1. IEC 61499-1: Function Blocks—Part 1 Architecture, 1st edn., International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2005. 2. FBDK—Function Block Development Kit, Online: www.holobloc.com, 2008. 3. ICS-Triplex. ISaGRAF—IEC 61131 and IEC 61499 software, cited 2008. Available from: http://www. isagraf.com/ 4. V. Vyatkin and J. Chouinard, On comparisons of the ISaGRAF implementation of IEC 61499 with FBDK and other implementations, in Sixth IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2008. INDIN 2008, Daejeon, Korea, July 2008. 5. nxtControl website: http://www.nxtcontrol.com/ 6. K. Thramboulidis, Development of distributed industrial control applications: The CORFU framework, in Fourth IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, Vasteras, Sweden. August 2002. 7. T. Strasser et al., Framework for distributed industrial automation and control (4DIAC), in Sixth IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2008 (INDIN’08), Daejeon, Korea, July 13–16, 2008. 8. FBench website: http://www.ece.auckland.ac.nz/∼vyatkin/fbench/ 9. W. Dai, A. Shih, and V. Vyatkin, Development of distributed industrial automation systems and debugging functionality based on the Open Source OOONEIDA Workbench, in Australasian Conference on Robotics and Industrial Automation, Auckland, New Zealand, 2006. 10. PROFACTOR Produktionsforschungs GmbH, 4DIAC-RTE (FORTE): IEC 61499 Compliant Runtime Environment, 30/10/2007, 2007; http://www.fordiac.org 11. L.H. Yoong, P. Roop, V. Vyatkin, and Z. Salcic, Synchronous execution for IEC 61499 function blocks, in Proceedings Fifth IEEE Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN’07), Vienna, Austria, July 23–27, 2007, pp. 1189–1194. 12. G. Cengic and K. Akesson, Definition of the execution model used in the FUBER IEC 61499 runtime environment, in Sixth IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics, 2008 (INDIN 2008), Daejeon, Korea, July 13–16, 2008. 13. K. Thramboulidis and A. Zoupas, Real-time Java in control and automation: A model driven development approach, in Tenth IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, Catania, Italy, September 19–22, 2005. 14. G. Doukas and K. Thramboulidis, A real-time Linux execution environment for function-block based distributed control applications, in Third IEEE International Conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN’05), Perth, Australia, August 10–12, 2005. 15. P. Tata and V. Vyatkin, Proposing a novel IEC61499 Runtime Framework implementing the cyclic execution semantics, in INDIN 2009, Cardiff, U.K., June, 2009. 16. V. Vyatkin, IEC 61499 Function Blocks for Embedded Control Systems Design, Instrumentation Society of America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2007. 17. H.-M. Hanisch and V. Vyatkin, Achieving reconfigurability of automation systems by using the new international standard IEC 61499: A developer’s view, in Integration Technologies for Industrial Automated Systems, R. Zurawski (ed.), CRC Press/Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL, July 2006. 18. A. Zoitl, Real-Time Execution for IEC 61499, ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2008. 19. IEC 61131-3 International Standard, Programmable Controllers—Part 1: General information, 2.0 ed., International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. 20. IEC 61499 Compliance Profile for feasibility demonstrations, http://www.holobloc.com/doc/ita/ index.htm 21. Modbus Application Protocol Specification, v1.1b, Modbus-IDA, December 28, 2006, available from: http://www.Modbus-IDA.org 22. A. Swales, Open Modbus/TCP Specification, Schneider Electric, March 29, 1999. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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