wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI 53-13 End device (RFD) Industrial facility backbone Time server Workshop coordinator Cell coordinator Sink node Cell coordinator Sink node Workshop Sink path Sink node Cell coordinator FIGURE 53.12 OCARI network topology. 53.4.4 application Layer OCARI APL is based on the specification released by the ZigBee Alliance. It defines some additional profiles such as • “Sensor 4-20” that deals with the well-known 4–20.mA • “Sensor binary” for binary sensor including electronic PNP commutation transistor • “Accelerometer” for vibration analysis (up to 5.kHz) used in condition-based maintenance application It also supports the well-known communication models: • Request/reply • Publish/subscribe (event-based notification) • Periodic notification 53.5 Coexistence of the Three Protocols From the users’ point of view, a single wireless standard for the industrial automation world would be the most appealing solution. Even if protocols discussed here are quite similar, e.g., all of them are based on the same PHY, they are not identical. In particular, protocols used for the upper communications © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
53-14 Industrial Communication Systems OCARI router WirelessHART access point OCARI PAN coordinator WirelessHART gateway Industrial backbone Wireless sensors network oriented middleware Comm. manager Virtual sensor manager Publication manager Persistent data manager Database SCADA Centralized network monitoring Software bus (publish/subscribe) FIGURE 53.13 Middleware is the key for the integration of different protocols. layers are not the same, making it impossible for either network to directly carry signals from the other. This means that gateways are needed to ensure interoperability and extensive research must be done in the development of new middleware paradigms. Middleware is understood as an abstraction layer that can be used to program applications in a network-transparent way. The high level of abstraction that is provided lowers the cost of development of control applications. Middleware is a generic name used to refer to a class of software whose purpose is to serve as glue between separately built systems (Figure 53.13). However, the ISA100 committee is intended to be a single “universal” network for the wireless transport of information from all types of industrial wired protocols and a new subcommittee for the ISA100.11a and the WirelessHART convergence, called ISA100.12, has been created. The aim is not only to ensure coexistence of nodes of both kinds but also to make possible the cooperation between the two networks. Proposals like dual-mode gateways and a dual-mode node are under discussion. From the physical point of view, collisions will arise when different networks operate in the same area, especially in a crowded environment like the ISM band around 2.4.GHz. However, data delivery model of industrial communications must be considered, i.e., a cyclical exchange of a small quantity of information (i.e., determinism and often isochronisms is required but the average bandwidth is low). Both ISA100.11a and WirelessHART utilizes CCA to avoid collisions with other nonsynchronized systems, while frequency agility together with a short time-synchronized communications minimizes the bandwidth occupation and ensures successful data exchange since messages can be resent on other (free) channels exploiting automatic repeat query (ARQ) error control strategy. Another important aspect is security. Both ISA and HART solutions include a security manager to manage and authenticate cryptographic keys. In particular, during normal operations, secret symmetric keys known to both the sender and the receiver are used. During the commissioning phase, © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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