wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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39-10 Industrial Communication Systems Indeed, the size of each communication slot depends on the amount of data transmitted as well as on the network topology and latency induced by the network components, which therefore also influence the cycle time. Moreover, the adoption of the multiplexed communication class (either alone or in conjunction with the continuous one) allows to reduce the maximum number of slots in each cycle and consequently the cycle time as well. Finally, it is also important to remember that the CNs have also to perform some protocol-related tasks like, for example, SoC processing or the maintenance of the EPL cycle state machine. Thus, the time required to handle the different node activities also has to be considered. In this context, the EPL protocol provides a (limited) level of control since it allows the MN to control the poll order permitting, for example, to avoid polling the CNs with highest SoC latency immediately after the sending of the SoC frame. 39.7.4 acyclic Traffic According to the EPL specification, the asynchronous period aims at the transfer of non time-critical data, typically related with the network management and supervision (ASnd messages) as well as with non-EPL traffic (e.g., TCP or UDP/IP messages). Despite not being addressed in the EPL specification, the use of asynchronous services for carrying infrequent real-time data, e.g., alarms, could also bring efficiency gains provided that suitable latency values can be guaranteed. The latency associated with the asynchronous traffic is a relevant performance figure since it is important to have acceptable response time in the network management services as well as on the user-level applications supported on IP traffic. The latency experienced by asynchronous requests depends on the cycle duration, on the period of the real-time data associated with the CN, and on the particular scheduling algorithm used by the MN. The cycle duration defines the number of requests that can be handled by time unit. The period of the real-time data associated with the CN constraints the signaling latency since CNs notify the MN about the existence of requests via PRes messages. Thus, in the worst-case situation, the CN may have to wait one entire poll period prior to be able to inform the MN of the existence of requests. Finally, the latency also depends on the scheduling decisions at the MN. The user can influence these decisions by assigning higher priorities to the more time-sensitive asynchronous messages. As an example, an EPL network in which N different asynchronous requests occur at the same time at one or more CNs can be considered. The CNs can only notify that event to the MN in the following cycle, and the MN shall schedule at most one request in each following cycle, thus requiring a total of N + 2 cycles to handle all the requests. It has to be noticed that the number of cycles necessary to process the pending requests does not depend on the cycle duration; thus decreasing the cycle time (if possible) leads to shorter response times. On the other hand, the latency of acyclic messages could be reduced, allowing multiple ASnd transmissions in the same cycle. This is actually addressed by the latest version of the EPL specification [6], which makes such an opportunity possible, provided that there is enough remaining time in the cycle. Another possible way of improving the response time for asynchronous time-sensitive messages would consist in reserving part of the asynchronous phase exclusively for alarms, as discussed in [13]. References 1. Bernecker & Rainer Industrie-Elektronik GmbH, Eggelsberg, Austria [Online]: http://www.brautomation.com 2. Ethernet POWERLINK Standardization Group. [Online]: http://www.ethernet-powerlink.org 3. IXXAT Automation GmbH: POWERLINK interface board for PCI bus systems PL-IB 200/PCI, Technical description. [Online]: http://www.ixxat.com/powerlink_pci_interface_en.html 4. OpenPOWERLINK: Open source solution for POWERLINK MN and CN. [Online]: www.sourceforge. net/projects/openPOWERLINK © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
Ethernet POWERLINK 39-11 5. The IAONA Industrial Ethernet Planning and Installation Guide, IAONA Guide. [Online]: http:// www.iaona-eu.com/home/downloads.php 6. Ethernet POWERLINK Communication Profile Specification V.1.1.0, EPSG Draft Std 301. [Online]: http://www.ethernet-powerlink.org, 2008. 7. IEC61784 International Standard: Digital data communications for measurement and control. Part 1: Profile sets for continuous and discrete manufacturing relative to fieldbus use in industrial control systems. Part 2: Additional profiles for ISO/IEC8802-3 based communication networks in real-time applications, International Electrotechnical Commission Std., November 2007. 8. IEEE 802.3 Standard: Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) access method and physical layer specifications, IEEE Std., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., October 2000. 9. F. Benzi, G. Buja, and M. Felser. Communication architectures for electrical drives. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 1(1):47–53, February 2005. 10. CAN In Automation, International Users and Manufacturers Group e.V. Std. CANopen Application Layer and Communication Profile, CiA/DS301, Version 4.01, June 2000. 11. Ethernet POWERLINK Standardization Group. Ethernet POWERLINK Communication Profile Specification V.0.1.0, EPSG Draft Std. [Online]: http://www.ethernet-powerlink.org, 2003. 12. Ethernet POWERLINK Standardization Group. High Availability Service Specification Part A V1.0.0, EPSG Draft Standard 302. [Online]: http://www.iaona-eu.com/home/downloads.php, 2007. 13. S. Vitturi and L. Seno. A simulation study of Ethernet powerlink networks. IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, pp. 740–743, Patras, Greece, September 2007. 14. A. Pfeiffer. Ethernet powerlink: Real-time industrial ethernet is real. [Online]: http://www.ict. tuwien.ac.at/wfcs2004, Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, WFCS 2004 Industry Day, Vienna, Austria, September 22–24, 2004. 15. R. Zurawsky. Industrial communication systems. The Industrial Information Technology Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 37.1–47.16, 2005. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Av
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-5 S
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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7-10 Industrial Communication Syste
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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Network-Based Control 20-5 message
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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23 Secure Communication Using Chaos
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-9 4.5 4 3.5 PL = 1 byte
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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WorldFip 34-5 TABLE 34.1 Variable N
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WorldFip 34-7 Write service Read se
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WorldFip 34-17 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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LIN-Bus 45-7 times, followed by a s
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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SafetyLon 47-9 base. Typically, suc
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SafetyLon 47-13 Acronyms 1oo2 COTS
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-5 A
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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WiMAX in Industry 52-3 However, the
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WiMAX in Industry 52-5 represents a
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WiMAX in Industry 52-7 Technical St
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-5 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-7 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-9 I
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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