wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-Related Hazards and Measures to Detect Them Consecutive Number Time Mark Time Out (Watchdog) Acknowledgment (Echo) Identifier for Sender and Receiver Data Protection Redundancy with Cross Comparison Repetition ✓ ✓ ✓ Loss ✓ ✓ ✓ Insertion ✓ ✓ a ✓ b ✓ Incorrect sequence ✓ ✓ ✓ Data corruption ✓ ✓ ✓ c Delay ✓ ✓ d Coupling between safety and non-safety-related messages Different Data Protection for Safe/Non-Safe Messages ✓ ✓ ✓ Source: BG-PRÜFZERT, Fachausschuss Elektrotechnik. GS-ET-26—Bussysteme für die Übertragung sicherheitsrelevanter Nachrichten. Prüfgrundsätze, Köln, Deutschland, Germany, 2002. With permission. a Application dependent. b Detection of insertion of an invalid source only. c Serial bus only. d Always required. Functional Safety 21-13 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
21-14 Industrial Communication Systems ID Safe address Time stamp Data: n byte CRC 1 ID Safe address Time stamp Message part 1 Message part 2 Data: n byte CRC 2 FIGURE 21.6 Generic safety-related message format. The value of each data point (sensor or actuator value), irrespective of whether it has changed or not, is periodically sent to the receiver by using a safety-related message. That mechanism is called heartbeat. On the receiver side, a watchdog is used, which is reset every time a valid message has been received. As a consequence, a malfunction at the sender side or a fault in the black-channel (e.g., unavailability of the network due to a broke wire or a defect in the standard network interface) can also be detected. In addition, each safety-related message can be duplicated as shown in Figure 21.6. Just the CRC are different. At the receiver side, not only the CRC are verified but also the duplicated data is compared bit-by-bit. Such a mechanism increases the integrity of the message and reduces the risk of corruption to a minimum. Finally, every message received by a node is processed by two safe controllers. Each of them verifies the ID, the safe address, the timestamp, and the CRC. After that they compare their results. Only if both safe controllers agree on the same positive result, action according to the data point value is taken. Such an approach is called redundancy with cross-comparison. By using such a safety-related message structure as shown in Figure 21.6, a heartbeat and redundancy with cross-comparison, all faults mentioned in Table 21.8 are addressed and can be detected. Embedding the safety-related message into the data field of the standard industrial communication system message format leaves the standard protocol unchanged. Consequently, non-safe and safe nodes use the same protocol, only the structure of the data field is different. Node hardware-related safety measures are outlined in detail in [HOE86]. Faults in the hardware components as listed in Table 21.9 are stochastic faults. They cannot be avoided but detected and handled properly. Fault detection is performed by means of online and offline hardware self tests. The online tests that are executed guarantee a high integrity of the hardware by revealing faults in the different parts of the hardware. Tests are separated into volatile memory (RAM), nonvolatile read-only memory (FLASH), CPU (controller) tests, and test of the input/output unit. Faults of the communication interface to the network interface are tested by sending heartbeats implicitly. In general, volatile memory test algorithms differ in test effort and diagnostic coverage. A high test effort and a high diagnostic coverage is ensured when using the galloping pattern test, a low one when TABLE 21.9 Node Hardware-Related Hazards and Measures Hardware Component Effect (Hazard) Safety Measure Controller Wrong operation of device Use of a 1oo2 structure with watchdog and cross-checking; use of cyclic communication via serial interface between both channels; use of CPU test at startup and during operation Memory Wrong operation of device Use of memory test at startup and during operation Input device Wrong operation of device Use of test pulses; use of test pattern with different test pulses Output device to network interface Output device to actuator Wrong operation of device Unable to switch off Check of message by independent channels and comparison of check results Use of test pulses © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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Page 294 and 295: 20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-3 during star
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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Process Automation 25-9 challenging
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Process Automation 25-11 Looking at
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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Protocols in Power Generation 29-3
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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Controller Area Network 31-3 TABLE
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Controller Area Network 31-5 • Bi
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Controller Area Network 31-7 I/O Ap
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Controller Area Network 31-9 TTCAN:
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Controller Area Network 31-11 nth E
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Controller Area Network 31-13 TABLE
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-5 In detail, a hardwar
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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SafetyLon 47-9 base. Typically, suc
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SafetyLon 47-13 Acronyms 1oo2 COTS
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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WiMAX in Industry 52-3 However, the
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WiMAX in Industry 52-5 represents a
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WiMAX in Industry 52-7 Technical St
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-3 8
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-5 F
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-7 F
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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