wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP 61-7 Table 61.1 Common Well-Known Ports Used with TCP Port Protocol Description RFC/STD # 7 Echo Echoes a received data back to its sender STD20 9 Discard Discards any data that are received STD21 13 Daytime Returns the date and the time in ASCII string format STD25 19 Chargen Sends back arbitrary characters until connection closed STD22 20 FTP Data File Transfer Protocol (data transmission connection, unencrypted) STD9 21 FTP Control File Transfer protocol (control connection, unencrypted) STD9 22 SSH Secure Shell (SSH)—used for secure logins, file transfers (scp, sftp), and port forwarding RFC4250-4256 23 Telnet Telnet (unencrypted) STD8, STD27-32 25 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (sending email) STD10 37 Time Returns the current time in seconds since 1/1/1900 in a 32 bit format STD26 53 Nameserver Domain Name Service STD13 80 HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol RFC2616 110 POP3 Post Office Protocol 3 (email download) STD53 111 RPC SUN Remote Procedure Call RFC5531 143 IMAP Interim Mail Access Protocol v2 (email access) RFC2060 443 SHTTP Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol RFC2660 995 POP3 POP3 over TLS/SSL RFC2595 Before the two parties—called here as host A and host B—can start sending data, four actions must be performed: 1. Host A sends a segment announcing that it wants to establish connection. This segment includes initial information about traffic from A to B. 2. Host B sends a segment acknowledging the request received from A. 3. Host B sends a segment with information about traffic from B to A. 4. Host A sends a segment acknowledging the request received from B. The second and the third steps can be combined into one segment. Therefore, the connection establishment described is also called three-way handshaking. Figure 61.6 illustrates an example of segment Sender Receiver Segment 1: SYN seq:11,200, ack:--- Segment 2: SYN+ACK seq:14,800, ack:11,201 Segment 3: ACK seq:11,201, ack:14,801 Time Time FIGURE 61.6 Three-way handshaking during connection establishment. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
61-8 Industrial Communication Systems exchange during connection establishment. Among the two programs that are involved in the connection, the server program is the one that passively waits for another party to connect. It will be called shortly as the server. It tells the underlying TCP library in its system that it is ready to accept a connection. The program that actively seeks connection is called a client program. It will be called shortly as the client. The client tells the underlying library in its system that it needs to connect to a particular server that is defined by the computer IP address and the destination port number. 1. The client sends the first segment that includes the source and destination port with SYN bit set. The segment also contains the initial value of Sequence Number, which is also called ISN that will be used by the client in this connection. The client may also send some options as necessary, for example, to alter the window size, or maximum segment size in order to change their values from default. 2. The server sends the second segment that has both ACK and SYN bit sets. This is done in order to both acknowledge receiving the first segment from the client (ACK) and to initialize the sequence number in the direction from the server to the client (SYN). The Acknowledgment number is set to the client’s ISN + 1. The server ISN is set to a random number. The option to define client window size must also be sent. 3. In reply to the segment from the server, the client sends as segment with ACK bit set and the segment number set to its ISN + 1. The Acknowledgment number is set to the server ISN + 1. 4. In very rare situation, the two processes may want to start connection at the same time. In that case, both will issue an active open segment with SYN and ISN, and then both would send the ACK segment. A situation when one of the segments is lost during the transmission and needs to be resent after time-out may also be analyzed. 61.2.4 Maintaining the Open Connection After connection is established, each process can send data. Each segment has its sequence number increased by the number of bytes sent in the previous segment, with the previous sequence number. The number rolls over at 2 32 . The process expects to receive segments with ACK bit set and acknowledgment numbers that confirm that data are received. Acknowledgment number is not merely the repetition of the received sequence number. It indicates the next expected sequence number of a segment to be received by the acknowledging process. Acknowledgments must be received within certain time frame, not every segment that is send needs to be acknowledged. Sending acknowledgment of a certain segment also acknowledges receiving all previous segments. More segments are usually sent ahead before the sender expects to receive an acknowledgment. Sending an acknowledgment can be combined with sending data in the other direction (piggybacking). 61.2.5 Flow Control and Sliding Window Protocol The amount of data may be sent before waiting for an acknowledgment from the destination. In extreme situations, the process may wait for an acknowledgment for each segment but that would make the long distance transmission very slow due to long latency. On the other hand, the process may send all data without waiting for confirmation. This is also impractical because high volume of data may need to be retransmitted in case a segment is lost in the middle of the transmission. Sliding window protocol is a solution in-between the two extreme situations described above that TCP implements in order to speed up the transmission. TCP sends as much data as allowed by a socalled sliding window before waiting for an acknowledgment. After receiving an acknowledgment, it moves (slides) the window ahead in the outgoing data buffer, as illustrated in Figure 61.7. On the receiving side, incoming data are stored in the receiving buffer before data are consumed by the communicating process. Since the size of the buffer is limited, the number of bytes that can be received at a particular time is limited. The size of the unused portion of the buffer is called the receiver window. In order to maintain the flow control, the sender must be prevented from sending the excessive © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Av
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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Media 2-17 TABLE 2.3 Overview of Di
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-3 me
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-5
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-7 Fi
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-11 R
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-13 1
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-15 [
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-3 t
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-5 S
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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Network-Based Control 20-5 message
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Network-Based Control 20-7 20.5.1 D
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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Functional Safety 21-11 TABLE 21.6
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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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23 Secure Communication Using Chaos
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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INTERBUS 33-9 4.5 4 3.5 PL = 1 byte
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-3 The devices acting as M
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Modbus 36-5 Request APDU Response A
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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Page 824 and 825: Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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Processing Data in Complex Communic
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