wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output SafetyLon node Input filter FIGURE 47.5 Switch connected to safety-related output. a safe state. The activities to perform when entering the safe state depend on the defined application; but it is mandatory that there must be no direct danger to life or indirect to the environment. 47.5 the Safety-Related Firmware The firmware of a SafetyLon node is organized in a three-layered architecture and located above ISO/OSI layer 7—equal to the approach chosen in PROFIsafe—as shown in Figure 47.6. Since only Safety Chip 1 is connected to the EN 14908 chip (cf. Figure 47.2), the lower layer differs between the chips. Shortstack API and Safety Chip Orion Stack API, respectively, are third-party ISO/OSI layer 7 software located below the first layer of the firmware. They care for the transmission of data from and to the chosen EN 14908 chip. Their software is not part of safety considerations. They are already part of the “black channel” and hence not outlined in the following. On top of the firmware is the application layer interface. It offers the application programmer functions that are used to realize safe user-application software. Typical functions are sending and receiving functions, receiving value from the safety-related input or setting the safety-related output, or write and read access to the sensor and actuator data stored in a table being part of the safe software. The application layer interface provides a convenient way of programming safety-related user-applications without taking care of safety functions encapsulated in the safety layer. Safety-related user-application Safety chip 1 Safety chip 2 Safety firmware layer 3 Safety firmware layer 2 Safety firmware layer 1 Application layer interface Safety layer Network access layer interface Safety chip interface Scheduler, state machine Application layer interface Safety layer Safety chip interface Scheduler, state machine ISO/OSI layer 7 Shortstack API Orion stack API Shortstack microserver LC3020 FIGURE 47.6 Software design of SafetyLon node. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
47-8 Industrial Communication Systems A part of the first safety-related firmware layer is called network access layer interface. It is an abstraction layer that makes access to the LON possible regardless of the underlying third-party software. Functions of the network access layer are declared in such a way that they encapsulate functions of the third-party API. Since only Safety Chip 1 is connected to the LON, the network access layer is not implemented on Safety Chip 2. Another part of the first safety-related firmware layer is the safety chip interface that handles data exchange between both safety chips. It includes a hardware dependent driver and a software API that interfaces with the safety layer. It offers a function to send data to and receive data from the corresponding safety chip. The safety layer is located in the middle of the software design and comprises all software functionality directly referring to safety. It interfaces with the application layer interface, and the network access layer interface and safety chip interface. The safety layer is surrounded by two other layers; in other words, the safety firmware is separated into three layers, to make it absolutely independent from the third-party software. Second, the third layer is specified to hide safety functionality from the application programmer. Such a layer eases programming and avoids misuse of safety functions since it must be assumed that application programmers are not familiar with details of the firmware functionality. The safety firmware layer 2 consists of multiple parts related to safety, i.e., so-called primary functions: online self test module, safety-related input/output module, software monitoring, or the SafetyLon protocol stack. Other parts are supporting the desired functionality called supporting functions like the Safety Chip interface. Albeit not part of layer 2, the scheduler and state machine, and the safety chip interface are also supporting functions. The online self test module includes online tests that are executed to guarantee a high integrity of the hardware by revealing faults in the different parts of the hardware. Tests are separated into volatile memory (RAM), nonvolatile read only memory (FLASH), and CPU tests. In [8], implementation examples are presented. In [9] different test algorithms are outlined. In general, volatile memory test algorithms differ in test effort and diagnostic coverage. A high test effort and a high diagnostic coverage is ensured when using the galloping pattern test, a low one when implementing the marching bit test [10]. The level of the diagnostic coverage depends on the faults revealed by the test. Test with a high-level detect faults according to the DC-fault model [1] others only detect stuck-at faults. Tests of the nonvolatile read only memory rely on parity bits, checksums or CRCs whereas diagnostic coverage of the first is low and the last is high. In case of a SafetyLon node, the nonvolatile memory is grouped in blocks of 256 bytes since CRC polynomials do not guarantee a defined level of integrity for indefinite data length. Every block is used as input to calculate a CRC. The CRCs of the various blocks are stored in the nonvolatile memory at a predefined area. During run time, the CRC of every block is recalculated and compared to the stored one. Such an approach is an effective means to check integrity of data stored in the nonvolatile memory [8]. Safety-related input/output module is responsible for testing the inputs and outputs and to provide functionality to set/reset an input and to get the value of an output. Testing of the safe I/Os has to be synchronized between the safety chips. In contrast to the aforementioned online self tests, safe I/O tests are performed in close cooperation between the safety chips. Hardware schematics are designed in such a way that inputs signal is received and output signal set by both chips and that test signals can be sent from one chip and received and evaluated by the other chip (cf. Figures 47.3 and 47.4). As a consequence, a software function of the module triggers a test pulse on the first safety chip and a software function on the other safety chip checks if the test pulse has been received. The objective of software monitoring is to ensure software integrity being part of the systematic integrity, in contrast to self tests that care for the hardware integrity. It is a means to detect if safety functions located in the volatile memory were executed according to specification or have been altered due to accidental modification. Such misbehavior is possible because of software faults during the design or implementation. Software monitoring can be distinguished between time-based and logic-based monitoring [11]. Both are integrated into the safety-related firmware. The first type uses a timer with an independent time © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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Page 690 and 691: 50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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