wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Average intensity FIGURE 2.11 Antenna directional characteristics (2D equivalent). others. For planning a radio link, the most important parameter is the antenna’s gain: The gain is the ratio of the radiation intensity P rad (ϕ, ϑ) in the angular direction ϕ, ϑ to the antenna input power P n : Prad ( φ, ϑ) G( φ, ϑ) = 4π P in (2.7) If the atenna gain is specified without an angular dependency, the maximum value G = max (G(ϕ, ϑ)) is meant. The gain G represents the maximum intensity compared to the average intensity (Figure 2.11). A theoretical antenna that emits the entire input power provided uniformly into all angular directions, a so called isotropic antenna, has a gain of 1. The physically feasible Hertzian dipole or short dipole has a gain of 1.76 dBi (dB relative to isotropic antenna). It consists of two wires with a total length
2-14 Industrial Communication Systems Fading is also distinguished by the rate at which the channel changes: When moving a radio receiver, the radio channel changes due to shadowing of large buildings, which results in a higher channel attenuation for some time (slow fading). Moving a receiver within an <strong>industrial</strong> environment with many reflectors, the channel undergoes fast changes due to the high number of multipaths (fast fading). • Doppler Spread: If the environment and/or the radio terminals are moving, Doppler frequency shift occurs. In multipath environments, this will lead simultaneously to several positive and negative frequency shifts. 2.4.1.7 Link Budget For planning a radio system, a link budget calculation needs to be done. This can be either used for determining a wireless link’s range under a given transmit power or, in the other way round, it can be used for calculating the required transmit power for a certain link range. For a line of sight radio link, this can be done by (all values in decibels) Prx = P tx + G tx − L tx − L0 − Lm + Grx − Lrx (2.8) P EIRP,tx with the received and transmitted power P rx , P tx in dBm the transmit and receive antenna gain G tx , G rx in dBi the cable/connector losses on transmitter and receiver side L tx , L rx in dB the free-space and miscellaneous losses L 0 , L m in dB The effectively radiated power P EIRP,tx denotes the feed power of an isotropic antenna generating the same maximum field strength as the antenna used for link budget calculation. Therefore, almost all radio regulations limit P EIRP,tx instead of the transmitter power P tx as it provides a fair comparison of maximum power densities. The miscellaneous losses, L m , are very important for the reliability of the link: They include additional losses due to changing weather conditions, component variations, imperfect alignment of the antennas to each other, and so on. In case of multipath environments, they also account for losses due to fading. 2.4.2 types and Media Access Because of the electromagnetic spectrum being a limited resource, access to frequencies is regulated by national authorities. Deploying a radio system, therefore, requires getting a local license. Typically, licensing a system with a wide bandwidth and high transmit power is not as easy as for a low-power narrowband system. The more bandwidth and transmit power is required, the more difficult it is to get a license and/or the more expensive the license will be. Only a small fraction of the bandwidth used nowadays is available for unlicensed use. Furthermore, frequencies are not equivalent: Depending on the application, a higher or lower frequency is suitable. 2.4.2.1 Frequencies for Wireless Links Covering all frequency bands in detail would go beyond the scope of this book. Generally, it can be said that lower frequencies allow longer ranges due to less free-space attenuation show better penetration into buildings, but need larger antennas, and allow only low data rates. In contrary, higher frequencies have higher attenuation, show less penetration-performance, but allow high data-rate applications and small/integrated antennas. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
Page 8 and 9: viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
Page 10 and 11: x Contents 46 Profisafe............
Page 12 and 13: Preface The field of industrial ele
Page 14 and 15: xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
Page 16 and 17: xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
Page 18 and 19: xx Preambles In order to cater to h
Page 20 and 21: xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
Page 22 and 23: Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
Page 24 and 25: xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
Page 26 and 27: Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
Page 28 and 29: Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
Page 30 and 31: Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
Page 32 and 33: Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
Page 34 and 35: I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
Page 36 and 37: Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
Page 38 and 39: 1-2 Industrial Communication System
Page 46 and 47: 2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
Page 48 and 49: Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
Page 50 and 51: Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
Page 52 and 53: Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
Page 54 and 55: Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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7-2 Industrial Communication System
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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Network-Based Control 20-5 message
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Network-Based Control 20-7 20.5.1 D
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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Functional Safety 21-9 TABLE 21.4 S
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Functional Safety 21-11 TABLE 21.6
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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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23 Secure Communication Using Chaos
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-3 during star
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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Process Automation 25-9 challenging
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Process Automation 25-11 Looking at
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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Building and Home Automation 26-3 2
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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Protocols in Power Generation 29-3
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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Communications in Medical Applicati
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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Controller Area Network 31-3 TABLE
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Controller Area Network 31-5 • Bi
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Controller Area Network 31-7 I/O Ap
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Controller Area Network 31-13 TABLE
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-9 32.5 Cyclic Data Exch
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Profibus 32-11 Buscycle T DP T DX G
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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INTERBUS 33-9 4.5 4 3.5 PL = 1 byte
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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WorldFip 34-5 TABLE 34.1 Variable N
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WorldFip 34-7 Write service Read se
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WorldFip 34-9 t r (20 µs) ID_DAT(2
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WorldFip 34-13 Not enough time to p
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WorldFip 34-15 47: else 48: load_fu
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WorldFip 34-17 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-3 The devices acting as M
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Modbus 36-5 Request APDU Response A
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Modbus 36-11 sequence “CR” “L
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Modbus 36-13 36.7 Example A typical
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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Industrial Ethernet 37-9 Tcnet [21]
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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PROFINET 40-5 switches or a line to
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PROFINET 40-7 For data exchange wit
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PROFINET 40-11 40.4 Engineering and
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PROFINET 40-13 40.4.5 redundancy Th
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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LIN-Bus 45-5 Reverse battery protec
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LIN-Bus 45-7 times, followed by a s
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LIN-Bus 45-9 45.5.8 Frame Types The
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-5 In detail, a hardwar
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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SafetyLon 47-9 base. Typically, suc
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SafetyLon 47-11 Input source file(s
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SafetyLon 47-13 Acronyms 1oo2 COTS
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-5 A
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-13
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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WiMAX in Industry 52-3 However, the
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WiMAX in Industry 52-5 represents a
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WiMAX in Industry 52-7 Technical St
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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User Datagram Protocol—UDP 60-7 F
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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