wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-11 First of all, an elimination of the 802.1x key exchange as described previously. Second, the four-way handshake for session key establishment is integrated into the mandatory 802.11 open systems authentication. And third, QoS resource requests are also exchanged before the reassociation with the new AP starts. 48.7.2 Mechanisms on the Client Side The client-side mechanisms mostly optimize the search phase. It is desirable to know the set of possible new APs a priori to get rid of the time-consuming scanning process during the handover. Background scanning is a very promising solution to this problem. It eliminates the channel scanning delay completely because a station actively probes available channels during the normal data exchange. That is, as long as no data has to be transferred, the client continuously probes new channels for potential APs and gets back immediately to the current one. If a handover is necessary, all information about neighboring cells is already present. Moreover, an additional radio interface can also be used on the client side to both passively monitor the channels and to gather information about neighboring cells. This approach is called the dual radio client and has a second advantage. It also allows a seamless handover using both radio interfaces for data communication. The data transfer is initiated with radio interface A in the first BSS. Whenever the signal quality of radio interface A decreases, the second radio interface B starts to find a new AP and gets associated to it. As soon as the signal quality of radio interface A is below a certain threshold, the data communication will be directed to radio interface B, which is already connected to a new AP, and no service interruption occurs. 48.8 Future Enhancements Some of the latest additions to 802.11 is the IEEE 802.11n amendment [IEE08n], which aims at increasing the throughput (from 20.Mbps up to approx. 200.Mbps data throughput), as well as extending the range of reception (through reducing signal fading) in comparison to the legacy 802.11a/g standards. One of the most important concepts to obtain these advantages is MIMO. Several MIMO features are supported by the 802.11n amendment, including transmitter beamforming, spatial division multiplexing (SDM), and space time block coding (STBC). Furthermore, using an advanced coding with low density parity check codes (LDPC) and applying a channel bonding to increase the channel bandwidth to 40.MHz is possible. All characteristics mentioned above allow data rates up to 600.Mbps to be specified in 802.11n, which is roughly 10 times more as compared to 802.11a/g. Moreover, the Task Group v is currently working on a proposal for a wireless network management framework, which is contained in the 802.11v draft [IEE08v]. Wireless network management mainly deals with implementing system-wide functionalities, such as load management among different cells and coordinating radio properties between neighboring APs. The load management algorithms basically comprise load balancing and admission control approaches. The management can be centralized, decentralized, or hybrid depending on the targeted architecture of the network. However, the centralized architecture is most commonly deployed and also addressed by an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working group. The working group specifies an interoperable protocol called control and provisioning of wireless access points (CAPWAP) [IET06]. It aims at reducing the complexity of managing a large numbers of APs and mainly encompasses administrational tasks to ease operation, maintenance, and configuration, and for centralizing client management. References [Bia00] G. Bianchi, Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.11 distributed coordination function, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 18(3):535–547, March 2000. [CLM07] C. Cicconetti, L. Lenzini, E. Mingozzi, and G. Stea, Design and performance analysis of the realtime HCCA scheduler for IEEE 802.11e WLANs, ACM Computer Networks, 51(9):2311–2325, 2007. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
48-12 Industrial Communication Systems [Eth09] Ethernet/IP. Ethernet industrial protocol (EtherNet/IP). Ethernet/IP, February 2009, www. ethernet-ip.org [GMN03] A. Grilo, M. Macedo, and M. Nunes, A scheduling algorithm for QoS support in IEEE802.11e networks, IEEE Wireless Communications, 10(3):36–43, 2003. [IEC06a] IEC, IEC 61158-5-10, Digital data communications for measurement and control—Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems—Parts 5–10: Application layer service definition—Type 10 elements, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [IEC06b] IEC, IEC 61158-6-10, Digital data communications for measurement and control—Fieldbus for use in industrial control systems—Parts 6–10: Application layer service definition—Type 10 elements, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006. [IEE97] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications, IEEE Std. 802.11-1997, pp. 1–445, November 1997. [IEE04] IEEE Standard for local and metropolitan area networks media access control (MAC) Bridges. IEEE Std. 802.1D-2004, pp. 1–269, June 2004. [IEE04i] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 6: Medium access control (MAC) security enhancements. IEEE Std. 802.11i-2004 (Amendment to IEEE Std. 802.11, pp. 1–175, 1999 Edition (Reaff 2003). [IEE05] IEEE standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 3: CSMA/ CD access method and physical layer specification, IEEE Std. 802.3, June 2005. [IEE05a] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 15.1: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for WPANs, IEEE Std. 802.15.1-2005, June 2005. [IEE05e] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 8: Medium access control (MAC) quality of service enhancements, IEEE Std. 802.11e-2005 (Amendment to IEEE Std. 802.11, 1999 Edition (Reaff 2003), pp. 1–189, 2005. [IEE06] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 15.4: Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-rate WPANs, IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2006, September 2006. [IEE07] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications, IEEE Std. 802.11-2007, C1–1184, June 2007. [IEE08k] IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 1: Radio resource measurement of wireless LANs, IEEE Std. 802.11k-2008 (Amendment to IEEE Std. 802.11, 2007). [IEE08n] IEEE Draft Amendment for Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements—Part 11: Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications amendment 4: Enhancements for higher throughput. IEEE Std. 802.11n/D7.0, December 2008. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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Page 652 and 653: 47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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Page 690 and 691: 50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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