wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Transmission Control Protocol—TCP 61-11 Sender Receiver Sender Receiver Segment 1 seq:2201,200 bytes Segment 2 seq:2401,200 bytes Segment 1 seq:3201,200 bytes Segment 2 seq:3401,200 bytes OK OK Time-out Segment 3 seq:2601,200 bytes Segment 3, retransmitted seq:2601,200 bytes ack:2601 Segment 3 corrupted OK OK Time-out Segment 3 seq:3601,200 bytes Segment 3, retransmitted seq:3601,200 bytes ack:3601 Segment 3 lost ack:2801 ack:3801 OK (a) Time Time OK (b) Time Time Sender Receiver seq:4201,200 bytes seq:4401,200 bytes seq:4601,200 bytes Acknowledgment lost ack:4601 ack:4801 OK OK OK Time (c) Time FIGURE 61.9 Corrupted segment (a), lost segment (b), and lost acknowledgment (c). The error correction is implemented by establishing a time-out counter for each segment sent. If the acknowledgment is received, then the particular and all preceding counters and the segments are disposed. If the counter reaches time-out, then the segment is resent and the timer is reset. A duplicate segment can be created if the acknowledgment segment is lost or is delayed too much. Since data are reassembled into a byte-stream at the destination, data from the duplicate segment is already in the buffer. The duplicate segment is discarded. No acknowledgment is sent. An out-of-order segment is stored but not acknowledged before all segments that precede it are received. This may cause resending the segments. The duplicates are discarded. In case of lost acknowledgment (Figure 61.9c), the error is corrected when the acknowledgment for the next segment is sent, since an acknowledgment to the next segment also acknowledges all previous segments. Therefore, a lost acknowledgment may not be noticed at all. This could generate a deadlock in case if the acknowledgment is sent on the last segment and for a time when there is no more segments to send. This deadlock is corrected by a sender that uses a so-called persistence timer. If no acknowledgment comes within a certain time frame, then the sender sends a 1 byte segment called probe and resets the persistence counter. With each attempt, the persistence timer time-out is doubled until 60.s time is reached. After receiving an acknowledgment, the persistence timer time-out is reset to the initial value. Keep-alive timer is used to prevent a long idle connection. If no segments are exchanged for a given period of time, usually 2.h, the server send a probe. If there is no response after 10 probes the connection is reset and thus terminated. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
61-12 Industrial Communication Systems Time-waited timer is used during the connection termination procedure that is described later. If there is no acknowledgment to the FIN segment, the FIN segment is resent after time-waited timer expires. Duplicate FIN segments are discarded by the destination. 61.2.8 Congestion Control In case of the congestion on the network, packets could be dropped by routers. TCP assumes that the cause of a lost segment is due to the network congestion. Therefore, an additional mechanism is built in into TCP to prevent prompt resending of packets and creating even more congestion. This mechanism is implemented by additional control of the sender window, as described below and illustrated in Figure 61.8a. • The sender window size is always set to the smaller of the two values—the receiver window size and the congestion window size. • The congestion window size starts at the size of two maximum segments. • With each received acknowledgment, the congestion window size is doubled until certain threshold. After reaching the threshold the further increase is additive. • With each acknowledgment timed out, the threshold is reduced by half and the congestion window size is reset to the initial size of two maximum segment size. 61.2.9 Connection Termination Any of the two application processes that established a TCP connection can close that connection. When a connection in one direction is terminated, the other direction is still functional, until the second process also terminates it. Therefore, four actions must be performed to close the connection in both directions: 1. Host A (either client or server) sends a segment announcing that it wants to terminate the connection. 2. Host B sends a segment acknowledging the request of A. At this moment, the connection from A to B is closed, but from B to A is still open. 3. When host B is ready to terminate the connection, for example, after sending the remaining data, it sends a segment announcing that it wants to terminate the connection as well. 4. Host A sends a segment acknowledging the request of B. At this moment, the connection in both directions is closed. Unlike in case of opening the connection, none of the steps can be combined into one segment. Therefore, the connection termination described is also called four-way handshaking. Figure 61.10 illustrates an example of segment exchange during connection termination. Because it does not matter which host is a server and which is a client, they are denoted only as A and B. 1. Host A sends a segment with FIN bit set. 2. Host B sends a segment with ACK bit set to confirm receiving the FIN segment from host A. 3. Host B may continue to send data and expect to receive acknowledgment messages with no data from host A. Eventually, when there is nothing more to send, it sends a segment with FIN bit set. 4. Host A sends the last segment in the transmission with ACK bit set to confirm receiving the FIN segment from host B. The connection termination procedure described above is so-called as graceful termination. In certain cases, the connection may be terminated abruptly by resetting. This may happen in the following cases: • The client process requested a connection to a nonexistent port. The TCP library, on the other side, may send a segment with the RST bit set to indicate connection refusal. © <strong>2011</strong> by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-9 2.3.3 transmitters and Re
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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Media 2-13 G 1 Maximum intensity Av
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Media 2-15 As an example, the three
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Media 2-17 TABLE 2.3 Overview of Di
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-3 me
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-5
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-7 Fi
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-11 R
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-13 1
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Routing in Wireless Networks 4-15 [
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5 Profiles and Interoperability Ger
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-3 t
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Profiles and Interoperability 5-5 S
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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Network-Based Control 20-3 Thus, th
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Network-Based Control 20-5 message
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Network-Based Control 20-7 20.5.1 D
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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Functional Safety 21-9 TABLE 21.4 S
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Functional Safety 21-11 TABLE 21.6
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TABLE 21.8 Measures Hazard Network-
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Functional Safety 21-15 implementin
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22 Security in Industrial Communica
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23 Secure Communication Using Chaos
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24 Embedded Networks in Civilian Ai
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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Process Automation 25-5 • An equi
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Process Automation 25-7 Recipe mana
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Process Automation 25-11 Looking at
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26 Building and Home Automation Wol
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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Industrial Multimedia 27-7 which wo
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Industrial Multimedia 27-9 is neces
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Industrial Multimedia 27-11 with pr
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Industrial Multimedia 27-13 [WIF01]
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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29 Protocols in Power Generation Tu
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Protocols in Power Generation 29-3
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30 Communications in Medical Applic
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Communications in Medical Applicati
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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Technologies III-3 53 WirelessHART,
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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Controller Area Network 31-3 TABLE
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Controller Area Network 31-5 • Bi
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Controller Area Network 31-7 I/O Ap
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Controller Area Network 31-9 TTCAN:
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Controller Area Network 31-11 nth E
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Controller Area Network 31-13 TABLE
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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Profibus 32-3 TABLE 32.3 Transmissi
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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Li
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Profibus 32-7 in Figure 32.3. He si
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Profibus 32-13 [IEC84-3] IEC 61784-
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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INTERBUS 33-5 interface shutdown. T
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INTERBUS 33-7 include the entire da
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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WorldFip 34-3 Data producer Data co
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-5 Many desig
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-7 35.9 Insta
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-9 Field Inst
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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Modbus 36-3 The devices acting as M
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Modbus 36-5 Request APDU Response A
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Modbus 36-11 sequence “CR” “L
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Modbus 36-13 36.7 Example A typical
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Modbus 36-15 Modbus TCP frame MBAP
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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Industrial Ethernet 37-3 37.2.2 Wha
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Industrial Ethernet 37-5 Advantage:
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Industrial Ethernet 37-7 TABLE 37.1
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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SafetyLon 47-5 In detail, a hardwar
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SafetyLon 47-7 Signal output Safety
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SafetyLon 47-9 base. Typically, suc
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SafetyLon 47-13 Acronyms 1oo2 COTS
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-3 T
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Wireless Local Area Networks 48-5 A
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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ZigBee 50-3 Wireless communication
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ZigBee 50-5 Table 50.2 Physical Cha
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ZigBee 50-7 Coordinator Router End
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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Page 812 and 813: 60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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Page 824 and 825: Transmission Control Protocol—TCP
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Semantic Web Services for Manufactu
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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Processing Data in Complex Communic
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