wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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WorldFip 34-17 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 AP F E D C B A Length of the ASI 1 2 3 Microcycle 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Time (ms) Macrocycle Periodic elementary transactor length periodic traffic ID_RP, RP_RQ transactor length, aperiodic traffic ID DAT, RP DAT transactor length, aperiodic traffic FIGURE 34.10 Example of aperiodic traffic schedule. The number of microcycles (N′) in an ABI is then N ′ ∑ N′ = min{ Ψ}, with Ψ = nap( l) ∧ Ψ ≥ 2 × na l = 1 (34.6) that is, the minimum number of microcycles within which the number of available “slots” (each “slot” with the length of Ca*) is at least 2 × na. Knowing N′, the length of the aperiodic busy interval (len _ abi) may be evaluated as follows: np N ′−1 ⎛ ⎞ len_ abi = ( N′ − 1) × µ Cy + ∑( bat[ i, N] × Cpi ) + ⎜2 × na −∑nap( l) ⎟ × Ca * ⎝ ⎠ i= 1 l= 1 (34.7) where Σ i=1,…,np (bat[i, N] × Cp i ) gives the length of the periodic window in microcycle N′ (2 × na − Σ l=1,…,N′−1 nap(l).) × Ca* gives the length of the aperiodic window, with respect to the aperiodic busy interval, also in microcycle N′ Therefore, the worst-case response time for an aperiodic transfer requested at station k is Ra k k = σ + len_ abi (34.8) and the maximum admissible interval between consecutive aperiodic requests of an aperiodic variable in a station k is MIT( Va k ) ≥ Ra k = σ k + len_ abi (34.9) 34.5.5.9 Example of Aperiodic Traffic Scheduling Assume that a system configured for six periodic variables (Table 34.1) must also support nine aperiodic buffer exchanges. Assume also that the length of each Vp i , ∀ i , is Cp i = Cp = 0.0976.ms, and that for sporadic traffic Ca* = 0.1.ms. If the BAT is implemented as shown in Table 34.2, transactions concerning the nine aperiodic variables are scheduled as shown in Figure 34.10. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
34-18 Industrial Communication Systems References 1. Kim, Y., Jeong, S., and Kown, W. A pre-run-time scheduling method for distributed real-time systems in a FIP environment. Control Engineering Practice, 6, 103–109, 1998, Pergamon/Elsevier Science. 2. Kumaran, S. and Decotignie, J.-D. Multicycle operations in a field bus: Application layer implications. Proceedings of IEEE Annual Conference of Industrial Electronics Society (IECON’89), Philadelphia, PA, 1989, pp. 531–536. 3. Raja, P. and Noubir, G. Static and dynamic polling mechanisms for fieldbus networks. Operating Systems Review, 27(3), 34–45, 1993. 4. Liu, L. and J. Layland. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment. Journal of the ACM, 20(1), 46–61, 1973. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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Page 462 and 463: 32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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