wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OCARI 53-5 5 MHz 3 MHz 2.405 Channel F (GHz) Cycle N – 2 Cycle N – 1 Cycle N + 1 Cycle N + 2 Time slot Superframe Link Time FIGURE 53.4 The frequency diversity mechanism of WirelessHART. Usually, only two devices are assigned to a given slot (source and sink of the transaction). However, shared time slots are also considered; since collisions may occur, the traditional CSMA/CA MAC strategy is adopted. Channel hopping (see Figure 53.4) is combined with TDMA in order to enhance reliability. It provides frequency diversity, which can avoid interferers and reduce multipath fading effects. Channel hopping means also channel diversity, which is each slot may be used on multiple channels at the same time by different nodes. This can be achieved by creating links on the same slot, but with different channel offsets. The assignment of a link occurs in a centralized way, by the network manager described in the following subsection. In addition, the channel blacklisting mechanism, which allows the network administrator to restrict the channel hopping of network devices network-wide to selected channels in the RF band, has also been implemented. This feature could be useful in a crowded RF environment, increasing coexistence. However, it must be noticed that WirelessHART communication (like WiFi, Bluetooth, and other wireless communication) is very random and bursty in nature; consequently, blacklisting seldom provides tangible benefits. 53.2.2.1 the Data Link Layer Datagram This subsection specifies the format of the data link datagram (DLPDU, see Figure 53.5). Each DLPDU consists of the following fields: • A single byte set to 0x41 • A 1 byte address specifier • The 1 byte sequence number Data link layer Data link payload 0X41 Address specifier Sequence number Network ID Destination address Source address DLPDU specifier MIC CRC Physical layer Preamble Delimiter Length FIGURE 53.5 The datagram at the data link layer. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
53-6 Industrial Communication Systems • The 2 byte network ID • Destination and source addresses either of which can be 2 or 8 byte long • A 1 byte DLPDU specifier • The DLL payload • A 4 byte keyed message integrity code (MIC) • A 2 byte ITU-T CRC16 (imposed by the IEEE 802.15.4) In particular, while the DLL packet is unencrypted, the MIC is enciphered for link layer authentication of the received datagram; it is generated and confirmed using CCM* mode (combined counter with CBC-MAC [corrected]) in conjunction with the AES-128 block cipher to provide authentication of the originator. 53.2.3 time Keeping It is possible to maintain the nodes clock skew under the time slot guard time using regular message exchange and low-level timestamping. A keep-alive exchange must occur at least every 30.s. Devices transmit the first bit of their packet as close to the ideal start time as possible in their time slot. The receiving node measures the time of arrival of this first bit in its own time frame. In this way, the destination knows the difference (offset) between its time slot and the transmitter’s time slot. This information is then sent back to the source in the ACK packet in order to compensate for it. 53.2.4 the WirelessHART Network Layer and Topologies The WirelessHART protocol allows to implement a sensor and actuator mesh communication system (see Figure 53.6). Every WirelessHART network contains different kind of devices (logical and/or physical): • One and only one security manager that distributes encryption keys to the network manager of each network • One and only one active network manager, whose aim is to form the network, schedule resources, configure routing paths, etc. • At least one gateway, whose aim is to interconnect field devices with the plant automation system by means of access points • Several field devices that are connected with the process, i.e., devices with sensors and actuators All communications occur, e.g., by moving data from the gateway, through the intermediate devices, to the packet’s destination. Each movement of a packet from one device to another along the route to the Host application Network manager Gateway Security manager Field devices Access point Handheld device FIGURE 53.6 WirelessHART network topology. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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