wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor Networks and Smart Cooperating Objects 51-11 51.5.5.2 UDP Header Compression Further, protocol-specific compressions in addition to the above-presented IPv6 header compression are summarized in the RFC4944 HC2 encoding format. In the current version of the 6LoWPAN specification, only the HC_UDP scheme is described for HC2 encoding. A standard UDP header consists of 2 octets for the source port of the message, 2 octets for the destination port, 2 octets indicating the length of the frame, and 2 octets for the checksum field. This sums up in 8 octets, which can be compressed to 4 octets in 6LoWPAN networks. Like the Hop Limit field in the HC1 header, the checksum field cannot be compressed and must be carried in-line full. According to the IP length field, the UDP length field is omitted by referring to other length fields included in the link layer or the mesh header. The source and destination port can be separately carried full in-line or be compressed to 4 bits. If compressed, the 4 bits determine a port between 61,616 and 61,631. The resulting overall length of the compressed RFC4944 UDP header is between 4 octets and 9 octets. 51.5.6 Scopes The architecture of wireless sensor mesh networks differs significantly from existing IP-based networks. Networks using wired technologies like Ethernet use one single-hop shared medium and differentiate between unicast messages sent to only one endpoint or broadcast sent to all endpoints. Multicast messages are hybrids carried to multiply endpoints, controlled by the routers in the network. The routers are also responsible for forwarding packages depending on their target address into the correct subnets. Wireless technologies like Wi-Fi achieve a similar behavior by abstraction and link emulation of the used wireless channel. Wi-Fi endpoints can only be connected to one other endpoint (peer-to-peer) or to one access point (AP). This causes the required abstraction and thus the applicability of existing IP-based protocols and technologies. Furthermore, Wi-Fi devices are not subjected by the same energy constraints like WSN. Emerging meshed sensor networks have more complex topologies with one common wireless communication medium, but in contrast to Ethernet and Wi-Fi, also with limited communication range. Unicast messages cannot be transmitted only to one endpoint without an effect on other endpoints in communication range and might be forwarded by endpoints also and not only by dedicated routers. This has a deep impact on active discussions on scopes and their effect as used in IPv6. IPv6 differs between link-local scope, site-local scope, and global scope. Link-local scope addresses are not forwarded by routers. Global scope addresses are globally unique and thus can be used as target address by every other endpoint. If routing of IP packets is performed under IP layer (route under), the complete 6LoWPAN network might communicate in one single link-local scope and new routing concepts must be developed. Especially for multicast messages, a proper mapping must be found, to avoid flooding of the network. The 6LoWPAN header compression makes use of existing information in the link layers to omit redundant data. Route under concepts require further mappings of other link layers like Ethernet or Wi-Fi to fit the 6LoWPAN requirements or cross-layered solutions. If routing is done on the IP layer (route over), existing concepts might be used but requires every node in the 6LoWPAN, which is not an end node (leaf) in the routing tree, to perform routing. But route over concepts limit the link-local scope to all endpoints in direct communication range. In current developments of IETF ROLL working group, route over concepts are preferred, which would make the mesh header described in this chapter and the broadcast/multicast mapping obsolete. 51.5.7 Summary of Frame Types and Compression Schemes The miscellaneous frame formats and compression schemes result in various different frame types and combinations depending, e.g., on the scenario, application, and scope of communication. A vital requirement for IPv6 traffic on IEEE 802.15.4 is the adaption to fit into the maximum packet size of 102 byte that is defined for the MAC layer by 802.15.4. Keep in mind that with security on MAC layer enabled, this size is decreased to 81 byte. In this section, different resulting frame header sizes and their combination are summarized. The comparison is presented in Table 51.1 and derived from the currently © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
51-12 Industrial Communication Systems TABLE 51.1 Header Comparison Derived from RFC4944 Frame Header Minimum Size Maximum Size Min. Remaining (Assuming 102 byte MAC Frame) Comment IPv6-compliant datagram (full standard IPv6 basic header) LOWPAN_HC1 compressed (compressed IPv6 header) Mesh frame (required for multi-hop mesh networking and forwarding) LOWPAN_HC1 compressed requiring mesh addressing (compressed IPv6 header + mesh header) Fragmentation frame (required if packet size exceeds 802.15.4 MTU and to provide required MTU of IPv6) LOWPAN_HC1 compressed requiring fragmentation (compressed IPv6 header + fragmentation header) LOWPAN_HC1 compressed requiring mesh addressing and fragmentation (compressed IPv6 header + mesh header + fragmentation header) Broadcast/multicast mapping (mapping to keep 16 bit short addressing scheme of 802.15.4) LOWPAN_HC1 compressed requiring mesh addressing and broadcast/multicast header support (compressed IPv6 + mesh header + broadcast/multicast header) UDP (full standard UDP header; additional to underlying layers/ headers) HC_UDP (compressed UDP header; additional to underlying layers/ headers) TCP (full standard TCP header; additional to underlying layers/ headers) ICMP (full standard ICMP header; additional to underlying layers/ headers) 40 byte — 62 byte Plus optional extension headers 3 byte 39 byte 99 byte Including 4 bit zero padding 6 byte 18 byte 96 byte Including 1 byte for identification of mesh header 9 byte 56 byte 91 byte Including 4 bit zero padding and 2 dispatch bytes (for HC1 and MESH) 5 byte for first fragment 6 byte for subsequent fragments 97 or 96 byte 1 byte for identification of FRAG header 8 byte 45 byte 94 byte Including 4 bit zero padding and 2 dispatch bytes (for HC1 and FRAG) LOWPAN_HC1 compressed header only in first fragment 14 byte first fragment 12 byte subsequent fragments 61 byte first fragment 24 byte subsequent fragments — 3 Standalone not applicable 88 or 90 byte LOWPAN_HC1 compressed header only in first fragment Including 4 bit zero padding Optional, non-mapped addressing can be used with 64 bit destination broadcast/multicast address carried in-line 12 byte 59 byte 90 byte To support mesh broadcast/ multicast Including 4 bit zero padding — 8 Standalone not applicable 4 9 Standalone not applicable 20 20 + multiples of 32 bit Standalone not applicable 4 — Standalone not applicable Excluding IP and other headers Excluding IP and other headers Excluding IP and other headers TCP options are optional and multiples of 32 bit Excluding IP and other headers Data field is optional © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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6 Industrial Wireless Sensor Networ
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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Page 690 and 691: 50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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