wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

49-10 Industrial Communication Systems
IEEE 802.11g uses OFDM, operates in a 2.4.GHz range, and offers data rates up to 54.Mbps. IEEE
802.11e enhances the quality of the service parameters. IEEE 802.11h supports dynamic frequency
selection; transmits power control, spectrum, and power management. IEEE 802i uses an advanced
encryption standard to enhance security. IEEE 802k focuses on radio resource management. 802.11n
operates in 5.GHz ranges, offers data rates up to 100.Mbps, and focuses on multimedia applications [9].
The high-performance radio LAN (HIPERLAN) is a European counterpart of IEEE 802.11 defined
by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). HIPERLAN/1 operates in a 5.15 and a
17.1.GHz range and offers data rates up to 23.5.Mbps. HIPERLAN/2, intended for short-range communication,
operates in a 5.GHz range, offers data rates up to 54.Mbps, and focuses on wireless multimedia
services. HIPERACCESS, intended to be the-last-mile, offers data rates up to 25.Mbps [10].
HomeRF is a short-range communication technology intended to be used in small areas like houses
or small buildings. It uses FHSS, operates in a 2.4.GHz range, and offers data rates up to 10.Mbps [11].
Infrared (irDA) is a point-to-point, ultra low power, data transmission standard designed to operate
over a distance of 1.m (the distance can be increased with a higher power) [12]. It can achieve data rates
up to 16.Mbps. Being cheaper and of low power, irDA is widely used.
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) offers a good combination of low power consumption (∼1.mW/Mbps) and
a high data throughput (up to 480.Mbps). WiMedia UWB is an internationally recognized standard
(ECMA-368, ISO/IEC 26970, and ECMA-369, ISO/IEC 26908). Unlike irDA, UWB allows for data rates
up to 480.Mbps at ranges of several meters and a data rate of approximately 110.Mbps at a range of up
to 10.m [13].
The certified wireless USB is a short-range communication technology that offers data rates up to
480.Mbps for up to a 2.m range, and 110.Mbps for up to a 10.m range. It uses the same radio as the
WiMedia Alliance [14].
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is used for tracking purposes. There are over 140 different
ISO standards for a variety of applications. It operates in low-frequency, high-frequency, and ultrahighfrequency
ranges. Near-field-communication is based on RFID technology that offers a data rate of
212.kbps over an extremely short distance of up to 20.cm [15].
The ZigBee standard is a short-range wireless communication standard for PANs. It offers date rates
up to 250 kbits at 2.4.GHz, 40.kpbs at 915.MHz, and 20.kpbs at 868.MHz with a range of 10–100.m.
ZigBee uses IEEE 802.15.4 as physical and medium-access control layers. The upper layers, as well as
ZigBee security architecture, is defined by the ZigBee standard [16].
WiBree is an evolved Bluetooth standard used for connecting ultralow power consumption devices
(button cell batteries). It was initiated by Nokia in 2001 and was ultimately adapted by Bluetooth SIG as
the Bluetooth low-energy standard in 2008. The key benefit is that it provides people with new features,
like sports and entertainment. It operates in a 2.4.GHz ISM band with a 1.Mbps physical-link data rate.
The example devices can be wrist watches, toys etc. [17].
49.6 Future of the Bluetooth Technology: Challenges
Although Bluetooth technology has already established a well-known standard in personal communication
systems, when user demands and requirements become ubiquitous and mobile in nature, it needs
more robust, secure, and data-intensive technologies to support them. Bluetooth SIG has proposed a
future specification that is expected to offer the same set of services and data rate.
It is intended that Bluetooth channels will work in the push information model instead of in the pull
information model, as it will enable users to use any shared information points at various places, e.g.,
while buying some items and appliances.
The topology management of the piconet and the scatternet should be dynamic and seamless. The user
should not be bothered to make such configurations and changes.
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC