wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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Profibus 32-5 32.3 Fieldbus Data Link The Profibus Communication Profiles Family (CPF3) uses a uniform medium access protocol. This protocol is implemented by layer 2 of the OSI reference model and is called fieldbus data link (FDL). This also includes the handling of the transmission protocols and telegrams and the detection and correction of transmission errors. 32.3.1 Services Profibus layer 2 operates in a connectionless mode. In addition to logical peer-to-peer data transmission, it provides multi-peer communication (broadcast and multicast). Table 32.4 lists all available FDL services. The services are called up by the higher order layers via the service access points (SAPs). In DP, a precisely defined function is assigned to each service access point. Several service access points can be used simultaneously for all active and passive stations. A distinction is made between source access points (SSAPs) and destination service access points (DSAPs). 32.3.2 Framing Another important task of layer 2 is to ensure the detection of transmission errors. All telegrams have a Hamming Distance of HD = 4. This is achieved through compliance with the international standard IEC 870-5-1, through special telegram start and end delimiters, slip-free synchronization, a parity bit, and a check byte. An example of Profibus frames is shown in Figure 32.1. If a receiver detects transmission errors the frame is deleted. The sender repeats the transmission automatically. The details of the mechanism are also explained in [F06]. Every station is assigned one unique address in the range of 0–126. The address 0 is typically reserved for engineering tools and the address 126 is the default address for devices. The value 127 addresses all stations on the network. TABLE 32.4 Name SDN SDA SRD MSRD CS List of Available FDL Services Service Send data with no acknowledge Send data with acknowledge Send and request data Send and request data with multicast reply Clock synchronization Frame with variable length: SD2 LE LEr SD2 DA SA FC PDU (=1 – 246 bytes) FCS ED Frame without data: SD1 DA SA FC FCS ED Token frame: SD4 DA SA Short acknowledge: SC SD1 = 0 × 10 Start delimitter 1 SD2 = 0 × 68 Start delimitter 2 SD4 = 0 × DC Start delimitter 4 ED = 0 × 16 End delimitter SC = 0 × E5 Short confirmation DA = Destination address SA = Source address FC = Function code PDU = Protocol data unit FCS = Frame check sequence LE = Length LEr = Length repeated FIGURE 32.1 Example of Profibus frames. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
32-6 Industrial Communication Systems 32.3.3 Media Access The Profibus medium access control (MAC) includes the token-passing procedure, which is used by complex bus stations (masters) to communicate with each other and the master–slave procedure used by complex bus stations to communicate with the simple peripherals (slaves). The token-passing procedure ensures that the bus access right (the token) is assigned to each master within a precisely defined timeframe. The token message, a special telegram for passing the token from one master to the next master must be passed around the logical token ring once to all masters within a (configurable) maximum token rotation time. In Profibus, the token-passing procedure is only used for communication between complex stations (masters). The master–slave procedure permits the master (the active station) which currently owns the token to access the assigned slaves (the passive stations). This enables the master to send messages to, or retrieve them from the slaves. This method of access allows implementation of the following system configurations: • Pure master–slave system with just one master polling the slaves • Pure master–master system with token passing and no slaves • A hybrid system combining multiple masters passing the token and polled slaves (Figure 32.2) On system startup, every master listens to the bus and watches the transmissions. If the bus is idle a timer is started; the timer is set as a multiple of the unique station address n as shown in formula (32.1). The timer of the master with the lowest address expires first and this master has the first token as shown Token Master 1 Token Master 2 Slave 1 Slave 2 Slave 3 Slave 4 Slave 5 FIGURE 32.2 Hybrid system with two masters and five slaves. Bus is “Idle” Master 1 n = 1 Time-out time = 8T SL Master 1 sends token 2 n = 2 Time-out time = 10T SL 3 n = 3 Time-out time = 12T SL FIGURE 32.3 Generation of the first token. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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Functional Safety 21-3 IEC 61508:20
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Functional Safety 21-5 safety engin
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Functional Safety 21-7 Hazard: tota
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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28 Industrial Wireless Communicatio
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Industrial Wireless Communications
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Page 462 and 463: 32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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PROFINET 40-3 A plant unit contains
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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60 User Datagram Protocol—UDP Ale
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61 Transmission Control Protocol—
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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