wilamowski-b-m-irwin-j-d-industrial-communication-systems-2011

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61 Transmission Control Protocol—TCP Aleksander Malinowski Bradley University Bogdan M. Wilamowski Auburn University 61.1 Introduction..................................................................................... 61-1 61.2 Protocol Operation......................................................................... 61-3 TCP Segment. •. Port Number Assignments. •. Connection Establishment. •. Maintaining the Open Connection. •. Flow Control and Sliding Window Protocol. •. Improving Flow Control. •. Error Control. •. Congestion Control. •. Connection Termination 61.3 State Diagram.................................................................................61-14 61.4 Programming Samples..................................................................61-14 References.................................................................................................. 61-17 61.1 Introduction Transmission control protocol (TCP) is a part of TCP/Internet protocol (IP) suite [STD7,C02-1,F10, GW03,PD07]. It provides full transport layer services to applications. It belongs to the transport layer in the TCP/IP suite model as shown in Figure 61.1. TCP is more complicated than user datagram protocol (UDP) and provides a reliable connection between both ends of transmission. This connection needs to be set up, maintained, and torn down. The protocol divides a stream of data into units of limited size called segments. These segments are reassembled in a reliable way at the other end. Reliability is achieved by assembling segments by preserving their original sequence, and arranging for retransmission of lost or corrupted data. While the underlying IP provides logical addressing of segments and is responsible for their transmission through networks [STD5], TCP provides additional addressing that allows setting up connections for multiple applications and services on the same end. Each application seeking TCP connection is assigned one or more numbers (one number per connection) that are called port numbers. Figure 61.2 illustrates the concept of port numbers. TCP provides a logical full duplex connection between two application layer processes. The connection is perceived as a connection-oriented, reliable, in-sequence byte-stream service. The protocol also allows the recipient of data to control the rate at which the sender transmits data to avoid buffer overflow. • Connection-oriented shows that the connection needs to be established and its parameters negotiated between the two processes. This negotiation is performed by sending transmission control blocks (TCB). At the end of the transmission, the connection must be torn down. TCP terminates each direction of the connection separately, which allows the data flow to continue even after the other direction has been closed. • Reliable indicates that either all data are delivered or the connection is broken. TCP is designed to work over the IP and thus it does not assume that the underlying network services are reliable. To ensure reliability, each chunk of data are numbered, and a selective automatic repeat request (ARQ) is employed to request retransmission of lost or corrupt data chunk. 61-1 © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
61-2 Industrial Communication Systems Application layer SMTP FTP DNS SNMP BOOTP TCP Transport layer UDP Network layer IGMP ICMP IP ARP RARP Data link layer Underlying LAN or WAN technology Physical layer FIGURE 61.1 UDP and TCP/IP in the TCP/IP protocol suite model. Telnet (client) Telnet (server) 63158 23 TCP TCP FIGURE 61.2 Process to process communication. • In-sequence shows that all data are guaranteed to be received by the end receiving process in the same order that they were sent. Sequencing is implemented by the same mechanism that is used for missing data chunk detection. All received data are placed in a receiving buffer in location corresponding to the data chunk number. The process that receives data reads it from that buffer in a correct sequence. • Byte-stream oriented implies that the connection can be perceived as continuous stream of data regardless of the fact that the underlying network services may transmit data in chunks. Those data chunks may be of various sizes and may have maximum size limit. The sending process, however, may send data either continuously or in bursts. All data to be sent are placed in the sending buffer. Data from the buffer are partitioned into chunks, which are called segments according to algorithms of TCP, and then they are sent over the network. On the receiving side, the data are placed in the receiving buffer in an appropriate sequence as mentioned earlier. The receiving process may read data either as chunks or as byte after byte. • Full duplex indicates that each party involved in the transmission has control over it. For example, any side can send data at any time or terminate the connection. The TCP is standardized by Internet Society, which is an independent international nonprofit organization. A complete information about TCP-related standards is published by RFC Editor [RFC]. Several relevant RFC articles as well as further reading materials are listed at the end of this article. © 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
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The Industrial Electronics Handbook
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The Electrical Engineering Handbook
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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 60
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viii Contents 11 Industrial Strengt
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x Contents 46 Profisafe............
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Preface The field of industrial ele
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xvi Preambles Thilo Sauter Institut
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xviii Preambles are the same. Commu
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xx Preambles In order to cater to h
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xxii Preambles In this manner, it i
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Editorial Board Dietmar Bruckner Vi
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xxviii Editors J. David Irwin recei
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Contributors Teresa Albero-Albero E
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Contributors xxxiii Georg Gaderer I
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Contributors xxxv Peter Neumann Ins
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Contributors xxxvii Thomas Tamandl
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I Technical Principles 1 ISO/OSI Mo
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Technical Principles I-3 18 Clock S
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1-2 Industrial Communication System
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2 Media Herbert Schweinzer Vienna U
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Media 2-3 TABLE 2.1 Overview over S
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Media 2-5 Single ended Differential
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Media 2-7 2.2.6 Standards Numerous
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Media 2-11 uses light backscatterin
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4 Routing in Wireless Networks Tere
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16 Industrial Agent Technology Alek
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18 Clock Synchronization in Distrib
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20 Network-Based Control Josep M. F
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21 Functional Safety Thomas Novak S
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25 Process Automation Alois Zoitl V
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27 Industrial Multimedia Javier Sil
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Industrial Multimedia 27-3 Multimed
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Industrial Multimedia 27-5 FIGURE 2
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III Technologies 31 Controller Area
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31 Controller Area Network Joaquim
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32 Profibus Max Felser Bern Univers
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33 INTERBUS Juergen Jasperneite Ost
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INTERBUS 33-3 One total frame Loopb
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34 WorldFip Francisco Vasques Unive
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35 Foundation Fieldbus Carlos Eduar
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Foundation Fieldbus 35-3 Four devic
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36 Modbus Mário de Sousa Universit
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37 Industrial Ethernet Gaëlle Mars
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40 PROFINET Max Felser Bern Univers
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45 LIN-Bus Andreas Grzemba Universi
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47 SafetyLon Thomas Novak SWARCO Fu
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48 Wireless Local Area Networks Hen
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50 ZigBee Stefan Mahlknecht Vienna
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51 6LoWPAN: IP for Wireless Sensor
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52 WiMAX in Industry Milos Manic Un
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53 WirelessHART, ISA100.11a, and OC
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TABLE 54.1 Characteristics of Some
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FIGURE 55.1 CPU IN-Log IN-Num OUT-l
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START FIGURE 55.3 COLD WARM STOP E_
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START RUNSTOP COLD INIT INITO WARM
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FIGURE 55.9 Different addresses of
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EtherNet FIGURE 55.11 Device: LED1
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65 Semantic Web Services for Manufa
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V Outlook 67 Trends and Challenges
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68 Processing Data in Complex Commu
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