Kostråd for å fremme folkehelsen og forebygge kroniske ... - NRK

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Kostråd for å fremme folkehelsen og forebygge kroniske sykdommer Dokumentasjon for årsaks-sammenheng 348 Redusert risiko Økt risiko Eksponering Sykdom Eksponering Sykdom Vitamin C-tilskudd (50-1000 mg/d) i kombinasjon med andre antioksidanter (vitamin E, betakaroten og selen) (4) Vitamin E-tilskudd (> 270 milligram alfa-TE/d) (8) Omega-3-tilskudd, se kommentar i teksten (8) Antioksidanttilskudd (vitamin E, C og betakaroten) (14) Folattilskudd, alene eller sammen med vitamin B6 og B12 (14) Utskifting av mettede fettsyrer med karbohydrater (3) Total død, hjerte- og karsykdommer og hjerteinfarkt Hjerte- og karsykdommer Hjerte- og karsykdommer Hjerte- og karsykdommer (kvinner) Hjerte- og karsykdommer (kvinner) Koronar hjertesykdom og død av koronar hjertesykdom Betakaroten fra matvarer: Kreft i prostata og hud (non-melanom) (1) Alkoholholdig drikke: Kreft i nyre (1) Kaffe: Kreft i pankreas og nyre (1) Beta-karotentilskudd (20-200 mg/d): Kreft i prostata og hud (non-melanom) (1) 1 Disse vurderinger bygger på serumverdier av 25-OH-vitamin D3 2 Konklusjonen bygger spesielt på følgende metaanalyse: ”Autier P, Gandini S. Vitamin D supplementation and total mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Sep 10;167(16):1730-7” 3 Individer >50/60 år med høy risiko for brudd og lav kalsium og/eller vitamin D-status 4 WHO 2003 konkluderer at inntak av ufiltrert kaffe (kokekaffe) sannsynligvis øker risiko for hjerte- og karsykdommer. Dette er basert på intermediære endepunkter. Da dette ikke støttes av studier som inkluderer kliniske endepunkter, har vi ikke lagt vekt på denne assosiasjonen 5 WHO-rapporten fra 2003 (definerer fiber som ”NSP” = ”non-starch polysaccharides”). 6 World Cancer Research Fund definerer høy energitetthet som (>950-1150 kJ/100 g eller >225-275 kcal/100 g). 7 WHO-rapporten benytter betegnelsen “free sugars” som omfatter tilsatt mono- og disakkarider samt naturlig forekommende sukker i honning, fruktjuice og sirup, Gjelder drikke med tilsatt sukker som ofte har lav pH. Referanser 1. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a Global Perspective. Second expert report (2007) World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research. ISSN/ISBN: 978-0-9722522-2-5 2. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation (2003) World Health Organization. WHO technical report series ISSN/ISBN: 92-4-120916-x 3. Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition. Proceedings of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation. November 10-14, 2008. Geneva, Switzerland (2009) Ann.Nutr.Metab (55), 1-3, 5-300.
33. Vedlegg 4. Van Horn L., McCoin, M., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Burke, F., Carson, J. A., Champagne, C. M., Karmally, W., og Sikand, G. The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease (2008) J.Am.Diet.Assoc. (108), 2, 287-331. 5. Seagle, H. M., Strain, G. W., Makris, A., og Reeves, R. S. Position of the American Dietetic Association: weight management (2009) J.Am.Diet.Assoc. (109), 2, 330-346. 6. Craig, W. J. og Mangels, A. R. Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets (2009) J.Am.Diet.Assoc. (109), 7, 1266-1282. 7. Goldstein, L. B., Adams, R., Alberts, M. J., Appel, L. J., Brass, L. M., Bushnell, C. D., Culebras, A., DeGraba, T. J., Gorelick, P. B., Guyton, J. R., Hart, R. G., Howard, G., Kelly-Hayes, M., Nixon, J. V., og Sacco, R. L. Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council: cosponsored by the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Interdisciplinary Working Group; Cardiovascular Nursing Council; Clinical Cardiology Council; Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Council; and the Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group (2006) Circulation (113), 24, e873-e923. 8. National Health Service Risk estimation and prevention of cardiovascular disease. A national clinical guideline (2007) Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. 9. Haskell, W. L., Lee, I. M., Pate, R. R., Powell, K. E., Blair, S. N., Franklin, B. A., Macera, C. A., Heath, G. W., Thompson, P. D., og Bauman, A. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association (2007) Circulation (116), 9, 1081-1093. 10. Bantle, J. P., Wylie-Rosett, J., Albright, A. L., Apovian, C. M., Clark, N. G., Franz, M. J., Hoogwerf, B. J., Lichtenstein, A. H., Mayer-Davis, E., Mooradian, A. D., og Wheeler, M. L. Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association (2008) Diabetes Care (31 Suppl 1), S61-S78. 11. Mann, J. I., De, L., I, Hermansen, K., Karamanos, B., Karlstrom, B., Katsilambros, N., Riccardi, G., Rivellese, A. A., Rizkalla, S., Slama, G., Toeller, M., Uusitupa, M., og Vessby, B. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus (2004) Nutr.Metab Cardiovasc.Dis. (14), 6, 373-394. 12. Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report: To the Secretary of Health and Human Services (2008) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 13. Slavin, J. L. Position of the American Dietetic Association: health implications of dietary fiber (2008) J.Am.Diet.Assoc. (108), 10, 1716-1731. 14. Mosca, L., Banka, C. L., Benjamin, E. J., Berra, K., Bushnell, C., Dolor, R. J., Ganiats, T. G., Gomes, A. S., Gornik, H. L., Gracia, C., Gulati, M., Haan, C. K., Judelson, D. R., Keenan, N., Kelepouris, E., Michos, E. D., Newby, L. K., Oparil, S., Ouyang, P., Oz, M. C., Petitti, D., Pinn, V. W., Redberg, R. F., Scott, R., Sherif, K., Smith, S. C., Jr., Sopko, G., Steinhorn, R. H., Stone, N. J., Taubert, K. A., Todd, B. A., Urbina, E., og Wenger, N. K. Evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: 2007 update (2007) Circulation (115), 11, 1481-1501. 15. Vitamin D and Cancer (2008) International Agency for Cancer Research, World Health Organization, Working Group Reports. 349
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Page 356: Helsedirektoratet Pb 7000 St. Olavs
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Kostråd for å fremme folkehelsen og forebygge kroniske ... - NRK

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