NARIC guide on Higher Education Systems in the European Union

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Degree courses Bachelor degree: This is generally obtained after a three- or four-year full-time course, or comparable period of part-time study. Projects and work experience are commonly required. Graduate diploma: This is generally obtained after a one year postgraduate course or comparable period of part-time study. Master degree: A Master degree can be obtained through course work and examination, through research, or through a combination of the two methods. The normal entry standard for a Master degree should be an Honours Bachelor degree in a field of study directly related to the subject matter of the Master’s thesis proposal. Doctoral degree: Normally admission to the Doctoral register is confined to candidates who have been admitted at least 12 months previously to the Master’s register and who have been recommended for transfer to the Doctoral register. There may be exceptions to this rule where a candidate with a first class Honours Bachelor’s degree may be recommended for transfer to the Doctoral register without first registering for a Master’s degree. These awards are made by the NCEA; in addition, some colleges or institutions may award certificates and diplomas themselves. (For examinations procedure and results, see I.3.) II.3.2. Final university qualifications Bachelor degree The first degree at universities is the Bachelor or primary degree. This degree provides a basic grounding in a particular subject or field of study. The Bachelor degree seldom amounts to a professional qualification. Duration of primary degree courses varies according to faculty or field of study. At the constituent colleges of the national university there are three types of Bachelor degrees: general degree, Honours degree and special degree (one subject taken at general degree level and one subject taken at Honours degree level). The Bachelor of Arts (BA) programme requires three or four years’ study, while primary degrees in medicine and dentistry take six years. The Bachelor (Honours) degree at Trinity College requires four years’ study. Most students complete their courses in the minimum time allowed. A small percentage may repeat one year. A course description and sample diploma follow at the end of this chapter (see Appendix I). Master degree A Master degree can be obtained through course work and examination, through research, or through a combination of the two methods. The normal duration of study is from one to three years following the Bachelor degree. A Master degree is available in most fields of study. A good Bachelor (Honours) degree is generally required for admission. A course description and sample diploma follow at the end of this chapter (see Appendix I). Doctoral degrees
The Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) may be obtained in most fields of study at universities. The degree, which is gained through research only, is generally not taken until six terms after the Master degree, but in special cases candidates may be permitted to take it six terms after the primary degree. A minimum of three years’ study is generally required for completion of the PhD degree, and candidates will be allowed six years from the date of registration in which to complete their thesis. The degree will not be awarded unless the examiners report that the work is worthy of publication as a whole or in part. The standard required for acceptance to the PhD is generally a high level of academic attainment in the primary degree and evidence of aptitude for research. Higher doctorates are awarded to candidates who have distinguished themselves by original research in their field. (For the examinations’ procedures and results, see I.3. For a list of the degrees available from each of the main awarding bodies, see Appendix II.) II.3.3. Academic recognition of final qualifications in higher education for further study To proceed to postgraduate education in Ireland, the student must hold a primary degree. In exceptional circumstances, it may be possible for holders of professional qualifications, or those who are not formally qualified but have substantial experience in a particular field, to be admitted to postgraduate study. For admission to a postgraduate diploma courses, a pass in the primary degree is required. For a Master degree, it is generally necessary to have attained a good Honours standard in the primary degree. As noted above, candidates must also display evidence of aptitude for research if they wish to register for the PhD degree. In recent years, there has been an increased tendency for universities and institutes of higher education to offer in-service programmes, available to graduates working in particular fields. Some of these carry diploma or certificate awards, others are non-award courses. It may also be possible for graduates to train in various professions. There are no State examinations, and various professionals — doctors, dentists, veterinary surgeons, pharmacists, etc. — must attend university and obtain a Bachelor degree (and in some cases a Master degree) before gaining formal entry to their professions. Entry to the legal profession is governed by two separate institutions: the Honourable Society of King’s Inns (for barristers) and the Incorporated Law Society (for solicitors). Each institution sets its own examinations, and a Bachelor degree is usually required for initial entry to both establishments. Examinations for professional qualifications in accountancy are provided by the separate accountancy bodies. It is sometimes possible for graduates in business studies to be exempted from one or two of these professional examinations. A degree is required for both primary and post-primary teaching in Ireland. Post-primary teachers generally have an undergraduate degree of three or four years’ duration and then must obtain the higher diploma in education from one of the universities.
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NARIC guid
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Austria
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Glossary Bundesgesetz Federal act.
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Introduction In 1993, the new Austr
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The Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna
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Examples of some study programmes (
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In the schools of art and music, do
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II. Qualifications and diplomas II.
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The special qualification for schoo
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Appendix I General university quali
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Dipl.-Ing. für industrielle Elektr
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Appendix IV Curricula charts The fo
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Chart 2 Veterinärmedizinischen Uni
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Belgium (French-speaking Community)
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II.3. Final qualifications in highe
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NB: The distinction between the two
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Legislative body on matters of gran
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University education is intended to
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I.3. Organisation of studies I.3.1.
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There are two examination sessions:
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(ii) qualification indicating abili
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Candidat(e) (2): en psychologie et
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From a strictly academic point of v
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Diplomas awarded at the end of cour
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After successfully completing the f
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Diagram of the higher education sys
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esthétique industrielle (industria
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Higher education in economics Ingé
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lettres (romanes...) (the arts (Rom
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For all the abovementioned courses
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Lectures left to the choice of the
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Candidates for higher education who
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Belgium (Flemish Community)
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IV. SPECIAL TYPES AND FORMS OF QUAL
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Glossary Geaggregeerde voor het lag
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II. Higher education in the Flemish
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16. dentistry 17. veterinary scienc
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II.3. Organisation of courses of st
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The student is examined in each sub
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Individual universities can decide
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Kandidaat: burgerlijk ingenieur bur
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(b) the specialisation courses are
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This is a form of higher education
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Appendix 1. Final degrees — hoges
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industrieel ingenieur in landbouw e
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Wetenschappen motorische revalidati
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Denmark
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Abbreviations AAA Arkitektskolen i
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College of nutrition and home econo
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Kunstakademi Academy of fine arts.
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Speciale Thesis. The candidatus deg
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The multifaculty universities are t
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I.2. Number of students 1992/93 Tot
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Marks and examinations Generally, m
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The higher commercial examination c
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It is possible to change to courses
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Before 1988, the name of the PhD de
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III. Special types and forms of fin
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IV. Recognition of foreign degrees
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Bibliography Publications in Englis
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Appendix II Danish non-university h
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Økonomaskolen The Danish School of
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Cand.tech.al. Candidatus(a) technic
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Second main subject chosen freely f
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Cand.scient. study programmes The c
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Chartered accountants, sworn interp
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Finland
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Glossary Alempi korkeakoulututkinto
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I. Higher education system In Finla
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All these 20 universities undertake
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At the end of 1995 the total number
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Non-university higher education In
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Each test in the new examination is
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New degrees — kandidaatti and mai
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The graduates can use two kinds of
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III. Special types and forms of qua
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Engineer second class (konemestari/
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Diagram of the education system in
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Appendix I List of qualifications i
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Teatteritaiteen kandidaatti/Kandida
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Old: until the end of July 1999 New
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Pharmacy Farmasian lisensiaatti/Far
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Appendix II Description of a degree
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Appendix III Description of a degre
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Appendix IV Description of a degree
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France
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II.3. Final degrees in higher educa
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Glossary Baccalauréat Secondary sc
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Lycées Lycées are secondary schoo
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to develop higher education in the
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There are eight other IEPs in the p
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the educational programmes: objecti
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I.2. Number of students In 1995/96,
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The organisation of the doctoral pr
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The baccalauréat examination The b
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II.2. Intermediate degrees in highe
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II.3.1. Final degrees in non-univer
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To receive the DUT, a student must
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Dentistry (requires five years of s
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Institutions of higher education ta
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Bibliography A. General publication
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Appendix I List of professions and
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Professions maritimes Capitaine de
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Contents Glossary 149 I. THE HIGHER
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Glossary Abendgymnasium General sec
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General education secondary school
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As universities for applied studies
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I.2.3. Classes and academic year Co
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II. Examinations and academic degre
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Grade scale The following grade sca
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The degree programme is divided int
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The individual advanced studies sub
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The advanced studies are concluded
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Stage II studies involve further co
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Training for this type of teaching
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According to an agreement by the St
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The degree programme in medicine in
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The examinee is presented with prac
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(c) On registration for the degree
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(c) The following courses are requi
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Licensing, doctoral degree, special
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An examination period is set for th
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During the placement period, it is
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Greece
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Abbreviations/glossary ADSEN Anoter
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I.1. The institutions of higher edu
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Some universities, as it can be ded
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Non-university higher education in
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The objective of the academy is to
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I.3. Organisation of course of stud
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Final examinations and examination
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Students complete part of the pract
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I.3.2. University higher education
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All students are taught the same su
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Candidates’ entry into higher edu
Page 272 and 273: II.3.2. Final university qualificat
Page 274 and 275: Diagram of the Greek educational sy
Page 276 and 277: Iceland
Page 278 and 279: III. SPECIAL TYPES AND FORMS OF FIN
Page 280 and 281: Glossary BA/BS/BEd próf First univ
Page 282 and 283: I. Higher education system Accordin
Page 284 and 285: The non-university higher education
Page 286 and 287: At the end of the 10th grade all pu
Page 288 and 289: II.2. Intermediate qualifications i
Page 290 and 291: The university higher education ins
Page 292 and 293: Doktorspróf (doctorate degree) In
Page 294 and 295: III. Special types and forms of fin
Page 296 and 297: Diagram of the Icelandic education
Page 298 and 299: Appendix I Final qualifications Non
Page 300 and 301: Appendix II Final qualifications Un
Page 302 and 303: Postgraduate studies: Mathematics +
Page 304 and 305: Management Department (Rekstrardeil
Page 306 and 307: Contents Abbreviations 528 Glossary
Page 308 and 309: Glossary Ab initio Literally, ‘fr
Page 310 and 311: Modular credit system An approach t
Page 312 and 313: I. Higher education system Higher e
Page 314 and 315: There are eight colleges of educati
Page 316 and 317: Most courses are taught but many po
Page 318 and 319: An undifferentiated Class II grade
Page 320 and 321: the senior trade certificate of the
Page 326 and 327: Bibliography Central applications o
Page 328 and 329: Appendix I Samples of study program
Page 330 and 331: foundations of public administratio
Page 332 and 333: studies in the analysis of 20th-cen
Page 334 and 335: Bachelor in Obstetrics (BAO) six ye
Page 336 and 337: National University of Ireland Mast
Page 338 and 339: Master of Science (MSc) Master of T
Page 340 and 341: Contents Abbreviations 464 Glossary
Page 342 and 343: Glossary Diploma di maturità The s
Page 344 and 345: I. The higher education system In t
Page 346 and 347: At present, there are two official
Page 348 and 349: With reference to university autono
Page 350 and 351: (c) Schools for midwives University
Page 352 and 353: The curricula of a few CLs include
Page 354 and 355: II. Qualifications and diplomas Non
Page 356 and 357: The examinations are administered b
Page 358 and 359: The said examination might therefor
Page 360 and 361: (a) SS courses They are all subject
Page 362 and 363: According to the old official regul
Page 364 and 365: Only SDAFS undergraduates who have
Page 366 and 367: The laurea is an exclusively academ
Page 370 and 371: These two-year courses which, once
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Diagram of the Italian education sy
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Contents Abbreviations 640 Glossary
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Glossary Abitur Official certificat
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Internationale Akademie für Philos
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The degree Master of Philosophy (Ma
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Diagram of study programmes in Liec
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Glossary Certificat Generally used
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The one institution providing post-
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Each academic year at the CC is con
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II. Qualifications and diplomas The
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The ISERP and ISEE admit students o
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II.2.3. Academic recognition of int
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The study programme of the Departme
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Bibliography Structures et programm
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Abbreviations AIO Assistent in ople
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Glossary Afsluitend examen With the
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The discipline of theology is not o
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The length of the practical trainin
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These types of school award the fol
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Orientational Within the chosen fie
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II.3.3. Academic recognition of fin
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Post-doctorale professional program
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3. Ministry of the Interior: diplom
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National Service for the Inspection
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Diagram of the Dutch education syst
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Glossary Candidatus/candidata magis
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I. Higher education system Through
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Numbers of students from EU Member
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I.4.2. International credit transfe
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The majority of the shorter, non-un
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Graduate degree studies may be expa
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Diagram of the Norwegian education
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Faculty of Dentistry Degrees awarde
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University of Tromsø This universi
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Faculty of Psychology Degrees award
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The college sector Degrees awarded:
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Real estate agent Competent body: T
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Contents Glossary 728 I. HIGHER EDU
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I. Higher education system The gene
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Courses may run for a year, for sem
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The Núcleo de Acesso ao Ensino Sup
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II.3.3. Final qualifications in uni
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The Universidade Católica Portugue
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Diagram of the Portuguese education
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Design Design e Gestão da Produç
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Estudos Superiores Gregorianos, ár
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Tecnologia em Conservação e Resta
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Educação Ambiental Educação e G
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Marketing e Consumo Marketing e Rel
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Ciências Militares Aeronaúticas C
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Estatística Estatística e Investi
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Professores do 1. o ciclo do Ensino
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Ciências Sociais Clínica das Doen
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Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica Filos
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Matemática Matemática Aplicada Ma
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Appendix V Cartas doutorais por ram
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Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Hidrolog
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(b) Civil technician Conselho Coord
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Spain
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Abbreviations BUP Bachillerato Unif
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Formacion Profesional (FP) Modality
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I. Higher education system Higher e
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Another feature of the university s
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2. optional subjects. The final pas
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These qualifications are only award
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Diagram of the Spanish education sy
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Appendix I Alphabetical index of th
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Radioelectrónica Naval. Ingenieros
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Profesor de Educación Secundaria P
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Contents Glossary 792 I. HIGHER EDU
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Qualified as associate professor. D
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Lecturer. Föreläsning Lecture. F
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Prorektor Vice-rector, pro-vice-cha
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Holder of a chair. Ämnesråd Depar
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Thus, there is no distinction betwe
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Before 1993, there were about 100 g
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General degrees A new kind of högs
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Bibliography Hildebrand, M., Swedis
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Appendix I Degrees in Sweden In Swe
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In addition to these degrees of at
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• Around four months of practical
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Abbreviations A level Advanced leve
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Undergraduate One who has matricula
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While these institutions have much
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II. Qualifications and diplomas The
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European baccalaureate (EB) Courses
Page 566 and 567:
Colleges and institutes sometimes o
Page 568 and 569:
No distinction is made in the UK be
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The Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph
Page 572 and 573:
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The Council also agreed a directive
Page 576 and 577:
Chartered biologist C.Biol Institut
Page 578 and 579:
Registered at stage 3 in the ‘Pro
Page 580 and 581:
Diagram of the educational system i
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Appendix I General certificate of s
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Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examin
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Appendix III Degree structure: trad
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Appendix IV Bachelor’s degrees BA
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Appendix V Master’s degrees ChM M
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Appendix VI Doctorates DChD Doctor
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Higher MD MCh Doctor of Medicine MD
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