NARIC guide on Higher Education Systems in the European Union

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Numbers of students from EU Member States 1994 higher education Austria 13 Belgium 15 Denmark 595 Finland 136 France 77 Germany 280 Greece 18 Ireland 14 Italy 24 Luxembourg 1 The Netherlands 104 Portugal 18 Spain 31 Sweden 446 United Kingdon 398 Total 2170 Figures from the Central Bureau of Statistics show that in 1994 (October), the number of students in higher education amounted to approximately 170000, of which 46% were registered at the universities. About 90% of the student population were enrolled in public institutions of higher education. Approximately 8300 (5%) were citizens of other countries. Of these approximately 2200 (27%) came from EU Member States. The number of students from EU countries increased after 1992 with the entry of EEA countries into the Erasmus programme. I.3. Organisation of course of study The academic year at the universities, university colleges and in the college sector is normally divided into two semesters. These are: • the autumn semester from mid-August to mid-December; and • the spring semester from mid-January to mid-June. The months of November-December and May-June are examination periods. Except for some newly developed programmes in English, all instruction is given in Norwegian. Non-university higher education Most courses are geared towards specific professions, their graduates becoming professional or para-professional personnel in areas such as school teaching in pre-schools and at the compulsory school level, engineering, social work, administration, economics, computer science, health professions, library sciences and journalism. The form of teaching, the structure of the study programme and examinations vary from institution to institution and from course to course. University higher education Studies generally begin in August. However, certain programmes allow students to start both in August and January, while some only start in the spring semester. Specific information may be obtained from the individual institutions.
Courses are measured in semester units. The vekttall is the Norwegian term for a credit unit. The normal work load for one semester is 10 vekttall, or 20 vekttall for one academic year. Twenty vekttall equals 60 ECTS credits. At the Faculty of Arts, and the Faculty of Social Sciences, students concentrate their studies in one area at a time, and pass comprehensive departmental examinations. The most common examination levels required for standard degrees at these two faculties are the following: • semesteremne (semester unit) 10 vekttall, taken after one semester of study (offered only in some subjects); • grunnfag (foundation course) 20 vekttall, taken after two semesters of study; • mellomfag (intermediate course) 30 vekttall, taken after three semesters of study. A mellomfag normally builds upon a grunnfag; • storfag (major subject) 40 vekttall, taken after four semesters of study. The storfag builds upon and includes a mellomfag. It is available only in some subjects at the Faculty of Arts; • hovedfag (at graduate level), normally a four semester course after completion of a cand.mag. degree and mellomfag/storfag in the same field. Embetsstudium is a five or six year professional graduate programme leading to a degree in one specific field, i.e. law, medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, theology, psychology, economics and civil engineering. At the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, individual courses give vekttall. Courses normally count for between one and five vekttall each. The university colleges have a different structure. Instruction at the universities is given in various forms, depending on the subject area. Lectures to larger groups are held in auditoriums, while smaller groups and seminars meet in classrooms. Instruction may also include term papers, field work, excursions and laboratory work. The Norwegian university system requires students to be independent. There are relatively few hours of lectures per week. Students are expected to structure their time outside lectures to include extensive reading, participation in group work, and individual study. Professors are available for regular academic counselling. I.4. Transfer of credits I.4.1. National credit transfer The universities, the university colleges and the college sector can all confer their own degrees, and programmes taken at one institution must be fully recognised by another institution (i.e. 60 vekttall from an engineering college will be given the same number of vekttall at a university). However, each of these institutions is free to determine whether additional subjects/examinations must be taken in order to qualify for a particular subject/degree. Until 1 January 1996, private institutions could apply to have their programmes evaluated by the National Coordinating Commission (Nasjonalt koordinerende utvalg; NKU) which was an advisory board under the Norwegian Council of Universities (Det norske universitetsrad. With the implementation of the new Act of 12 May 1995 relating to universities and colleges, the NKU was discontinued and the Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs are presently evaluating an organisational replacement for the functions of the NKU. The last NKU list of evaluated programmes and the evaluation results (i.e. how many vekttall should be recognised within a university degree) dates from October 1995.
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NARIC guid
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Austria
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Glossary Bundesgesetz Federal act.
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Introduction In 1993, the new Austr
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The Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna
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Examples of some study programmes (
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In the schools of art and music, do
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II. Qualifications and diplomas II.
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The special qualification for schoo
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Appendix I General university quali
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Dipl.-Ing. für industrielle Elektr
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Appendix IV Curricula charts The fo
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Chart 2 Veterinärmedizinischen Uni
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Belgium (French-speaking Community)
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II.3. Final qualifications in highe
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NB: The distinction between the two
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Legislative body on matters of gran
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University education is intended to
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I.3. Organisation of studies I.3.1.
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There are two examination sessions:
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(ii) qualification indicating abili
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Candidat(e) (2): en psychologie et
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From a strictly academic point of v
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Diplomas awarded at the end of cour
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After successfully completing the f
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Diagram of the higher education sys
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esthétique industrielle (industria
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Higher education in economics Ingé
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lettres (romanes...) (the arts (Rom
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For all the abovementioned courses
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Lectures left to the choice of the
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Candidates for higher education who
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Belgium (Flemish Community)
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IV. SPECIAL TYPES AND FORMS OF QUAL
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Glossary Geaggregeerde voor het lag
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II. Higher education in the Flemish
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16. dentistry 17. veterinary scienc
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II.3. Organisation of courses of st
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The student is examined in each sub
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Individual universities can decide
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Kandidaat: burgerlijk ingenieur bur
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(b) the specialisation courses are
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This is a form of higher education
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Appendix 1. Final degrees — hoges
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industrieel ingenieur in landbouw e
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Wetenschappen motorische revalidati
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Denmark
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Abbreviations AAA Arkitektskolen i
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College of nutrition and home econo
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Kunstakademi Academy of fine arts.
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Speciale Thesis. The candidatus deg
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The multifaculty universities are t
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I.2. Number of students 1992/93 Tot
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Marks and examinations Generally, m
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The higher commercial examination c
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It is possible to change to courses
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Before 1988, the name of the PhD de
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III. Special types and forms of fin
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IV. Recognition of foreign degrees
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Bibliography Publications in Englis
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Appendix II Danish non-university h
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Økonomaskolen The Danish School of
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Cand.tech.al. Candidatus(a) technic
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Second main subject chosen freely f
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Cand.scient. study programmes The c
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Chartered accountants, sworn interp
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Finland
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Glossary Alempi korkeakoulututkinto
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I. Higher education system In Finla
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All these 20 universities undertake
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At the end of 1995 the total number
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Non-university higher education In
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Each test in the new examination is
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New degrees — kandidaatti and mai
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The graduates can use two kinds of
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III. Special types and forms of qua
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Engineer second class (konemestari/
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Diagram of the education system in
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Appendix I List of qualifications i
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Teatteritaiteen kandidaatti/Kandida
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Old: until the end of July 1999 New
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Pharmacy Farmasian lisensiaatti/Far
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Appendix II Description of a degree
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Appendix III Description of a degre
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Appendix IV Description of a degree
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France
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II.3. Final degrees in higher educa
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Glossary Baccalauréat Secondary sc
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Lycées Lycées are secondary schoo
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to develop higher education in the
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There are eight other IEPs in the p
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the educational programmes: objecti
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I.2. Number of students In 1995/96,
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The organisation of the doctoral pr
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The baccalauréat examination The b
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II.2. Intermediate degrees in highe
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II.3.1. Final degrees in non-univer
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To receive the DUT, a student must
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Dentistry (requires five years of s
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Institutions of higher education ta
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Bibliography A. General publication
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Appendix I List of professions and
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Professions maritimes Capitaine de
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Contents Glossary 149 I. THE HIGHER
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Glossary Abendgymnasium General sec
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General education secondary school
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As universities for applied studies
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I.2.3. Classes and academic year Co
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II. Examinations and academic degre
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Grade scale The following grade sca
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The degree programme is divided int
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The individual advanced studies sub
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The advanced studies are concluded
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Stage II studies involve further co
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Training for this type of teaching
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According to an agreement by the St
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The degree programme in medicine in
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The examinee is presented with prac
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(c) On registration for the degree
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(c) The following courses are requi
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Licensing, doctoral degree, special
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An examination period is set for th
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During the placement period, it is
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Greece
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Abbreviations/glossary ADSEN Anoter
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I.1. The institutions of higher edu
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Some universities, as it can be ded
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Non-university higher education in
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The objective of the academy is to
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I.3. Organisation of course of stud
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Final examinations and examination
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Students complete part of the pract
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I.3.2. University higher education
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All students are taught the same su
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Candidates’ entry into higher edu
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II.3.2. Final university qualificat
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Diagram of the Greek educational sy
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Iceland
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III. SPECIAL TYPES AND FORMS OF FIN
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Glossary BA/BS/BEd próf First univ
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I. Higher education system Accordin
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The non-university higher education
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At the end of the 10th grade all pu
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II.2. Intermediate qualifications i
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The university higher education ins
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Doktorspróf (doctorate degree) In
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Diagram of the Icelandic education
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Appendix I Final qualifications Non
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Appendix II Final qualifications Un
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Postgraduate studies: Mathematics +
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Management Department (Rekstrardeil
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Contents Abbreviations 528 Glossary
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Glossary Ab initio Literally, ‘fr
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Modular credit system An approach t
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I. Higher education system Higher e
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There are eight colleges of educati
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Most courses are taught but many po
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An undifferentiated Class II grade
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the senior trade certificate of the
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Degree courses Bachelor degree: Thi
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Bibliography Central applications o
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Appendix I Samples of study program
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foundations of public administratio
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studies in the analysis of 20th-cen
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Bachelor in Obstetrics (BAO) six ye
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National University of Ireland Mast
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Master of Science (MSc) Master of T
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Glossary Diploma di maturità The s
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I. The higher education system In t
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At present, there are two official
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With reference to university autono
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(c) Schools for midwives University
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The curricula of a few CLs include
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II. Qualifications and diplomas Non
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The examinations are administered b
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The said examination might therefor
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(a) SS courses They are all subject
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According to the old official regul
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Only SDAFS undergraduates who have
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The laurea is an exclusively academ
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These two-year courses which, once
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Diagram of the Italian education sy
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Glossary Abitur Official certificat
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Internationale Akademie für Philos
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The degree Master of Philosophy (Ma
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Diagram of study programmes in Liec
Page 387 and 388: Contents Abbreviations 614 Glossary
Page 389 and 390: Glossary Certificat Generally used
Page 391 and 392: The one institution providing post-
Page 393 and 394: Each academic year at the CC is con
Page 395 and 396: II. Qualifications and diplomas The
Page 397 and 398: The ISERP and ISEE admit students o
Page 399 and 400: II.2.3. Academic recognition of int
Page 401 and 402: The study programme of the Departme
Page 403 and 404: Bibliography Structures et programm
Page 408 and 409: Abbreviations AIO Assistent in ople
Page 410 and 411: Glossary Afsluitend examen With the
Page 412 and 413: The discipline of theology is not o
Page 414 and 415: The length of the practical trainin
Page 416 and 417: II. Qualifications and diplomas II.
Page 418 and 419: These types of school award the fol
Page 420 and 421: Orientational Within the chosen fie
Page 422 and 423: II.3.3. Academic recognition of fin
Page 424 and 425: Post-doctorale professional program
Page 426 and 427: 3. Ministry of the Interior: diplom
Page 428 and 429: National Service for the Inspection
Page 430 and 431: Diagram of the Dutch education syst
Page 434 and 435: Glossary Candidatus/candidata magis
Page 436 and 437: I. Higher education system Through
Page 440 and 441: I.4.2. International credit transfe
Page 442 and 443: The majority of the shorter, non-un
Page 444 and 445: Graduate degree studies may be expa
Page 446 and 447: Diagram of the Norwegian education
Page 448 and 449: Faculty of Dentistry Degrees awarde
Page 450 and 451: University of Tromsø This universi
Page 452 and 453: Faculty of Psychology Degrees award
Page 454 and 455: The college sector Degrees awarded:
Page 456 and 457: Real estate agent Competent body: T
Page 458 and 459: Contents Glossary 728 I. HIGHER EDU
Page 460 and 461: I. Higher education system The gene
Page 462 and 463: Courses may run for a year, for sem
Page 464 and 465: The Núcleo de Acesso ao Ensino Sup
Page 466 and 467: II.3.3. Final qualifications in uni
Page 468 and 469: The Universidade Católica Portugue
Page 470 and 471: III. Special types and forms of fin
Page 472 and 473: Diagram of the Portuguese education
Page 474 and 475: Design Design e Gestão da Produç
Page 476 and 477: Estudos Superiores Gregorianos, ár
Page 478 and 479: Tecnologia em Conservação e Resta
Page 480 and 481: Educação Ambiental Educação e G
Page 482 and 483: Marketing e Consumo Marketing e Rel
Page 484 and 485: Ciências Militares Aeronaúticas C
Page 486 and 487: Estatística Estatística e Investi
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Professores do 1. o ciclo do Ensino
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Ciências Sociais Clínica das Doen
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Fenomenologia e Hermenêutica Filos
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Matemática Matemática Aplicada Ma
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Appendix V Cartas doutorais por ram
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Ginecologia e Obstetrícia Hidrolog
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(b) Civil technician Conselho Coord
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Spain
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Abbreviations BUP Bachillerato Unif
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Formacion Profesional (FP) Modality
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I. Higher education system Higher e
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Another feature of the university s
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2. optional subjects. The final pas
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These qualifications are only award
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Diagram of the Spanish education sy
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Appendix I Alphabetical index of th
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Radioelectrónica Naval. Ingenieros
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Profesor de Educación Secundaria P
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Contents Glossary 792 I. HIGHER EDU
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Qualified as associate professor. D
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Lecturer. Föreläsning Lecture. F
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Prorektor Vice-rector, pro-vice-cha
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Holder of a chair. Ämnesråd Depar
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Thus, there is no distinction betwe
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Before 1993, there were about 100 g
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General degrees A new kind of högs
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Bibliography Hildebrand, M., Swedis
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Appendix I Degrees in Sweden In Swe
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In addition to these degrees of at
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• Around four months of practical
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Abbreviations A level Advanced leve
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Undergraduate One who has matricula
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While these institutions have much
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II. Qualifications and diplomas The
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European baccalaureate (EB) Courses
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Colleges and institutes sometimes o
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No distinction is made in the UK be
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The Doctor of Philosophy degree (Ph
Page 572 and 573:
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The Council also agreed a directive
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Chartered biologist C.Biol Institut
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Registered at stage 3 in the ‘Pro
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Diagram of the educational system i
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Appendix I General certificate of s
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Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examin
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Appendix III Degree structure: trad
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Appendix IV Bachelor’s degrees BA
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Appendix V Master’s degrees ChM M
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Appendix VI Doctorates DChD Doctor
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Higher MD MCh Doctor of Medicine MD
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