VISSIM 5.30-05 User Manual

7 Simulation of Pedestrians
For pragmatic reasons, the behaviour of pedestrians is often classified
hierarchically into three levels (Hoogendoorn et al. 2002):
► On the strategic level (minutes to hours), a pedestrian plans his route. He
generates a list of destinations.
► On the tactical level (seconds to minutes), the pedestrian decides on the
route between the destinations, making a rough routing decision.
► On the operational level (milliseconds to seconds), the actual movement
is performed. This includes evading opposing persons, moving through a
dense crowd, or simply continuing the movement toward the destination.
Here, the Social Force Model controls the operational level and parts of the
tactical level, whereas the strategic level is defined by the user input.
Literature
D. Helbing and P. Molnár (1995). Social force model for pedestrian
dynamics. In Physical Review E 51(5), p. 4282-4286.
D. Helbing, I. Farkas, and T. Vicsek (2000). Simulating dynamical features
of escape panic. In Nature, 407, p. 487–490.
D. Helbing, I.J. Farkas, P. Molnar, and T. Vicsek (2002). Simulation of
Pedestrian Crowds in Normal and Evacuation Situations. In Schreckenberg
and Sharma (2002), p. 21–58.
T. Werner and D. Helbing (2003). The Social Force Pedestrian Model Applied
to Real Life Scenarios. In Galea (2003), p. 17–26.
A. Johansson, D. Helbing, and P.K. Shukla (2007). Specification of the
Social Force Pedestrian Model by Evolutionary Adjustment to Video Tracking
Data. In Advances in Complex Systems 10(4), p. 271–288.
S.P. Hoogendoorn, P.H.L. Bovy and W. Daamen (2002). Microscopic
Pedestrian Wayfinding and Dynamics Modelling. In Schreckenberg and
Sharma (2002), p. 123-154.
M. Schreckenberg and S.D. Sharma (Editors) (2002). Pedestrian and
Evacuation Dynamics, Duisburg, January 2002. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
E.R. Galea (Editor) (2003). Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics: 2nd
International Conference, Old Royal Naval College, University of Greenwich,
London, CMS Press.
A. Schadschneider, W. Klingsch, H. Klüpfel, T. Kretz, C. Rogsch, and A.
Seyfried. Evacuation Dynamics: Empirical Results, Modeling and
Applications. In R.A. Meyers (Editor), Encyclopedia of Complexity and
System Science. Part 5, p. 3142. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
(2009).
D. Helbing and A. Johansson. Pedestrian, Crowd and Evacuation
Dynamics. In R.A. Meyers (Editor), Encyclopedia of Complexity and System
Science. Part 16, p. 6476. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. (2009).
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