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George Orwell 1 9 8 4<br />

which all men shall be equal. Thus throughout<br />

history a struggle which is the same in its main<br />

outlines recurs over and over again. For long<br />

periods the High seem to be securely in power, but<br />

sooner or later there always comes a moment when<br />

they lose either their belief in themselves or their<br />

capacity to govern efficiently, or both. They are<br />

then overthrown by the Middle, who enlist the<br />

Low on their side by pretending to them that they<br />

are fighting for liberty and justice. As soon as they<br />

have reached their objective, the Middle thrust the<br />

Low back into their old position of servitude, and<br />

themselves become the High. Presently a new<br />

Middle group splits off from one of the other<br />

groups, or from both of them, and the struggle<br />

begins over again. Of the three groups, only the<br />

Low are never even temporarily successful in<br />

achieving their aims. It would be an exaggeration<br />

to say that throughout history there has been no<br />

progress of a material kind. Even today, in a period<br />

of decline, the average human being is physically<br />

better off than he was a few centuries ago. But no<br />

advance in wealth, no softening of manners, no<br />

reform or revolution has ever brought human<br />

equality a millimetre nearer. From the point of<br />

view of the Low, no historic change has ever<br />

meant much more than a change in the name of<br />

their masters.<br />

By the late nineteenth century the recurrence of<br />

this pattern had become obvious to many<br />

observers. There then rose schools of thinkers who<br />

interpreted history as a cyclical process and<br />

claimed to show that inequality was the unalterable<br />

law of human life. This doctrine, of course, had<br />

always had its adherents, but in the manner in<br />

which it was now put forward there was a<br />

significant change. In the past the need for a<br />

hierarchical form of society had been the doctrine<br />

specifically of the High. It had been preached by<br />

kings and aristocrats and by the priests, lawyers,<br />

and the like who were parasitical upon them, and it<br />

had generally been softened by promises of<br />

compensation in an imaginary world beyond the<br />

grave. The Middle, so long as it was struggling for<br />

power, had always made use of such terms as<br />

freedom, justice, and fraternity. Now, however, the<br />

concept of human brotherhood began to be<br />

assailed by people who were not yet in positions of<br />

command, but merely hoped to be so before long.<br />

232<br />

misma lucha social. Durante largos períodos,<br />

parece que los Altos se encuentran muy seguros en<br />

su poder, pero siempre llega un momento en que<br />

pierden la confianza en sí mismos o se debilita su<br />

capacidad para gobernar, o ambas cosas a la vez.<br />

Entonces son derrotados por los Medianos, que<br />

llevan junto a ellos a los Bajos porque les han<br />

asegurado que ellos representan la libertad y la<br />

justicia. En cuanto logran sus objetivos, los<br />

Medianos abandonan a los Bajos y los relegan a su<br />

antigua posición de servidumbre, convirtiéndose<br />

ellos en los Altos. Entonces, un grupo de los<br />

Medianos se separa de los demás y empiezan a<br />

luchar entre ellos. De los tres grupos, solamente los<br />

Bajos no logran sus objetivos ni siquiera<br />

transitoriamente. Sería exagerado afirmar que en<br />

toda la Historia no ha habido progreso material.<br />

Aun hoy, en un período de decadencia, el ser<br />

humano se encuentra mejor que hace unos cuantos<br />

siglos. Pero ninguna reforma ni revolución alguna<br />

han conseguido acercarse ni un milímetro a la<br />

igualdad humana. Desde el punto de vista de los<br />

Bajos, ningún cambio histórico ha significado<br />

mucho más que un cambio en el nombre de sus<br />

amos.<br />

»A fines del siglo XIX eran muchos los que habían<br />

visto claro este juego. De ahí que surgieran<br />

escuelas del pensamiento que interpretaban la<br />

Historia como un proceso cíclico y aseguraban que<br />

la desigualdad era la ley inalterable de la vida<br />

humana. Desde luego, esta doctrina ha tenido<br />

siempre sus partidarios, pero se había introducido<br />

un cambio significativo. En el pasado, la necesidad<br />

de una forma jerárquica de la sociedad había sido la<br />

doctrina privativa de los Altos. Fue defendida por<br />

reyes, aristócratas, jurisconsultos, etc. Los<br />

Medianos, mientras luchaban por el poder,<br />

utilizaban términos como «libertad», «justicia» y<br />

«fraternidad». Sin embargo, el concepto de la<br />

fraternidad humana empezó a ser atacado por<br />

individuos que todavía no estaban en el Poder, pero<br />

que esperaban estarlo pronto. En el pasado, los<br />

Medianos hicieron revoluciones bajo la bandera de<br />

la igualdad, pero se limitaron a imponer una nueva<br />

tiranía apenas desaparecida la anterior. En cambio,<br />

los nuevos grupos de Medianos proclamaron de

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