22.03.2013 Views

1984-bilingue

1984-bilingue

1984-bilingue

SHOW MORE
SHOW LESS

Create successful ePaper yourself

Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.

George Orwell 1 9 8 4<br />

In the past the Middle had made revolutions under<br />

the banner of equality, and then had established a<br />

fresh tyranny as soon as the old one was<br />

overthrown. The new Middle groups in effect<br />

proclaimed their tyranny beforehand. Socialism, a<br />

theory which appeared in the early nineteenth<br />

century and was the last link in a chain of thought<br />

stretching back to the slave rebellions of antiquity,<br />

was still deeply infected by the Utopianism of past<br />

ages. But in each variant of Socialism that<br />

appeared from about 1900 onwards the aim of<br />

establishing liberty and equality was more and<br />

more openly abandoned. The new movements<br />

which appeared in the middle years of the century,<br />

Ingsoc in Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in Eurasia,<br />

Death-Worship, as it is commonly called, in<br />

Eastasia, had the conscious aim of perpetuating<br />

UNfreedom and INequality. These new<br />

movements, of course, grew out of the old ones<br />

and tended to keep their names and pay lip-service<br />

to their ideology. But the purpose of all of them<br />

was to arrest progress and freeze history at a<br />

chosen moment. The familiar pendulum swing was<br />

to happen once more, and then stop. As usual, the<br />

High were to be turned out by the Middle, who<br />

would then become the High; but this time, by<br />

conscious strategy, the High would be able to<br />

maintain their position permanently.<br />

The new doctrines arose partly because of the<br />

accumulation of historical knowledge, and the<br />

growth of the historical sense, which had hardly<br />

existed before the nineteenth century. The cyclical<br />

movement of history was now intelligible, or<br />

appeared to be so; and if it was intelligible, then it<br />

was alterable. But the principal, underlying cause<br />

was that, as early as the beginning of the twentieth<br />

century, human equality had become technically<br />

possible. It was still true that men were not equal<br />

in their native talents and that functions had to be<br />

specialized in ways that favoured some individuals<br />

against others; but there was no longer any real<br />

need for class distinctions or for large differences<br />

of wealth. In earlier ages, class distinctions had<br />

been not only inevitable but desirable. Inequality<br />

was the price of civilization. With the development<br />

of machine production, however, the case was<br />

altered. Even if it was still necessary for human<br />

beings to do different kinds of work, it was no<br />

longer necessary for them to live at different social<br />

233<br />

antemano su tiranía. El socialismo, teoría que<br />

apareció a principios del siglo XIX y que fue el<br />

último eslabón de una cadena que se extendía hasta<br />

las rebeliones de esclavos en la Antigüedad, seguía<br />

profundamente infestado por las viejas utopías.<br />

Pero a cada variante de socialismo aparecida a<br />

partir de 1900 se abandonaba más abiertamente la<br />

pretensión de establecer la libertad y la igualdad.<br />

Los nuevos movimientos que surgieron a mediados<br />

del siglo, Ingsoc en Oceanía, neobolchevismo en<br />

Eurasia y adoración de la muerte en Asia oriental,<br />

tenían como finalidad consciente la perpetuación de<br />

la falta de libertad y de la desigualdad social. Estos<br />

nuevos movimientos, claro está, nacieron de los<br />

antiguos y tendieron a conservar sus nombres y<br />

aparentaron respetar sus ideologías. Pero el<br />

propósito de todos ellos era sólo detener el<br />

progreso e inmovilizar a la Historia en un momento<br />

dado. El movimiento de péndulo iba a ocurrir una<br />

vez más y luego a detenerse. Como de costumbre,<br />

los Altos serían desplazados por los Medianos, que<br />

entonces se convertirían a su vez en Altos, pero<br />

esta vez, por una estrategia consciente, estos<br />

últimos Altos conservarían su posición<br />

permanentemente.<br />

»Las nuevas doctrinas surgieron en parte a causa de<br />

la acumulación de conocimientos históricos y del<br />

aumento del sentido histórico, que apenas había<br />

existido antes del siglo XIX. Se entendía ya el<br />

movimiento cíclico de la Historia, o parecía<br />

entenderse; y al ser comprendido podía ser también<br />

alterado. Pero la causa principal y subyacente era<br />

que ya a principios del siglo XX era técnicamente<br />

posible la igualdad humana. Seguía siendo cierto<br />

que los hombres no eran iguales en sus facultades<br />

innatas y que las funciones habían de especializarse<br />

de modo que favorecían inevitablemente a unos<br />

individuos sobre otros; pero ya no eran precisas las<br />

diferencias de clase ni las grandes diferencias de<br />

riqueza. Antiguamente, las diferencias de clase no<br />

sólo habían sido inevitables, sino deseables. La<br />

desigualdad era el precio de la civilización. Sin<br />

embargo, el desarrollo del maquinismo iba a<br />

cambiar esto. Aunque fuera aún necesario que los<br />

seres humanos realizaran diferentes clases de<br />

trabajo, ya no era preciso que vivieran en diferentes

Hooray! Your file is uploaded and ready to be published.

Saved successfully!

Ooh no, something went wrong!